defmodule Spf.Parser do
  @moduledoc """
  Functions to parse an SPF string or explain string for a given SPF [`context`](`t:Spf.Context.t/0`).

  The parser also performs expansion during the semantic checks, so both
  functions take an SPF [`context`](`t:Spf.Context.t/0`) as their only argument.

  """
  import Spf.Context
  import Spf.Tokenizer
  alias Spf.DNS
  alias Spf.Eval

  @type token :: Spf.Tokens.token()

  # API

  @doc """
  Parse [`context`](`t:Spf.Context.t/0`)'s explain string and store the result under
  the `:explanation` key.

  In case of any syntax errors, sets the explanation string to an empty string.
  """
  @spec explain(Spf.Context.t()) :: Spf.Context.t()
  def explain(%{explain_string: explain} = context) do
    case tokenize_exp(explain) do
      {:error, _, _, _, _, _} ->
        Map.put(context, :explanation, "")

      {:ok, [{:exp_str, _tokens, _range} = exp_str], _, _, _, _} ->
        Map.put(context, :explanation, expand(context, exp_str))
    end
  end

  @doc """
  Parse [`context`](`t:Spf.Context.t/0`)'s SPF string and store the result under the
  `:ast` key.

  The parser will parse the entire record so as to find as many problems as
  possible.

  The parser will log notifications for:
  - ignoring an include'd explain modifier
  - for each DNS mechanism encountered (at :debug level)

  The parser will log warnings for:
  - an SPF string length longer than 512 characters
  - any residue text in the SPF string after parsing
  - when an exp modifier is present, but the SPF record cannot fail
  - SPF records with implicit endings
  - ignoring a redirect modifier because the all mechanism is present
  - each ignored term occurring after an all mechanism
  - the use of the ptr mechanism (which is not recommended)
  - the use of the p-macro (also not recommended)
  - repeated whitespace to separate terms
  - use of tab character(s) to sepearate terms
  - ignoring an unknown modifier
  - a redirect modifer, when no all is present, that is not the last term

  The parser will log an error for:
  - repeated modifier terms
  - syntax errors in domain specifications
  - syntax errors in dual-cidr notations
  - invalid IP addresses
  - unknown terms that are not unknown modifiers

  The logging simply adds messages to the `context.msg` list but, when logging
  an error, the `context.error` and `context.reason` are also set.

  Since the parser does not stop at the first error, the `context.error` and
  `context.reason` show the details of the last error seen.  If given `context`
  also has a function reference stored in `context.log`, it is called with
  4 arguments:
  - [`context`](`t:Spf.Context.t/0`)
  - `facility`, an atom denoting which part sent the message
  - `severity`, an atom like :info, :warn, :error, :debug
  - `msg`, the message string

  In the absence of an error, `context.ast` is fit for evaluation.

  """
  @spec parse(Spf.Context.t()) :: Spf.Context.t()
  def parse(context)

  def parse(%{error: error} = ctx) when error != nil,
    do: ctx

  def parse(%{spf: spf} = ctx) do
    {:ok, tokens, rest, _, _, _} = tokenize_spf(spf)

    Map.put(ctx, :spf_tokens, tokens)
    |> Map.put(:spf_rest, rest)
    |> Map.put(:ast, [])
    |> check(:spf_length)
    |> check(:spf_residue)
    |> then(fn ctx -> Enum.reduce(tokens, ctx, &parse/2) end)
    |> check(:explain_reachable)
    |> check(:no_implicit)
    |> check(:max_redirect)
    |> check(:all_no_redirect)
    |> check(:redirect_last)
    |> check(:all_last)
    |> then(&Map.update(&1, :map, %{}, fn m -> Map.put(m, &1.domain, spf) end))
  end

  # HELPERS

  @spec ast(Spf.Context.t(), token) :: Spf.Context.t()
  defp ast(ctx, {_type, _tokval, _range} = token) do
    # add a token to the AST if possible, otherwise put in an :error
    case token do
      {:all, _tokval, _range} ->
        Map.update(ctx, :ast, [token], fn tokens -> tokens ++ [token] end)

      {:redirect, _tokval, _range} ->
        Map.update(ctx, :ast, [token], fn tokens -> tokens ++ [token] end)

      {:exp, _tokval, range} ->
        term = spf_term(ctx, range)

        if length(ctx.stack) > 0 do
          log(ctx, :parse, :info, "#{term} - ignored (included explain)")
        else
          if ctx.explain do
            error(ctx, :parse, :repeated_modifier, "#{term} - repeated modifier", :permerror)
          else
            Map.put(ctx, :explain, token)
          end
        end

      token ->
        Map.update(ctx, :ast, [token], fn tokens -> tokens ++ [token] end)
    end
  end

  @spec cidr(Spf.Context.t(), [] | token) :: {atom, list} | {:error, :einvalid}
  defp cidr(_ctx, []),
    do: {:ok, [32, 128]}

  defp cidr(ctx, {:dual_cidr, [len4, len6], range}) do
    term = spf_term(ctx, range)

    if len4 in 0..32 and len6 in 0..128 do
      cond do
        len4 == 0 -> {:wzero_mask, [len4, len6]}
        len6 == 0 -> {:wzero_mask, [len4, len6]}
        len4 == 32 and String.match?(term, ~r/^\/32/) -> {:wmax_mask, [len4, len6]}
        len6 == 128 and String.match?(term, ~r/128$/) -> {:wmax_mask, [len4, len6]}
        true -> {:ok, [len4, len6]}
      end
    else
      {:error, :einvalid}
    end
  end

  @spec drop_labels(binary) :: binary
  defp drop_labels(domain) do
    # drop leftmost labels if name exceeds 253 characters
    # - assumes name is a dotted domain name
    case String.split_at(domain, -253) do
      {"", name} -> name
      {_, name} -> String.replace(name, ~r/^[^.]*./, "")
    end
  end

  # expand returns:
  # - string (a domain for :domspec, an explanation string for :exp_str)
  # - :einvalid (in case tokenization saw errors)
  # note: the consequence of an :einvalid for an expansion is determined at eval-time

  @spec expand(Spf.Context.t(), list | token) :: binary | :einvalid
  defp expand(ctx, []),
    do: ctx.domain

  defp expand(_ctx, {:domspec, [:einvalid], _range}),
    do: :einvalid

  defp expand(ctx, {token_type, tokens, _range}) when token_type in [:domspec, :exp_str] do
    for {token, args, _range} <- tokens do
      expand(ctx, token, args)
    end
    |> Enum.join()
    |> drop_labels()
  end

  @spec expand(Spf.Context.t(), atom, list) :: binary
  defp expand(ctx, :expand, [ltr, keep, reverse, delimiters]) do
    macro(ctx, ltr)
    |> String.split(delimiters)
    |> (fn x -> if reverse, do: Enum.reverse(x), else: x end).()
    |> (fn x -> if keep in 1..length(x), do: Enum.slice(x, -keep, keep), else: x end).()
    |> Enum.join(".")
  end

  defp expand(_ctx, :expand, ["%"]),
    do: "%"

  defp expand(_ctx, :expand, ["-"]),
    do: "%20"

  defp expand(_ctx, :expand, ["_"]),
    do: " "

  defp expand(_ctx, token_type, [str])
       when token_type in [:literal, :toplabel, :whitespace, :unknown],
       do: str

  @spec macro(Spf.Context.t(), non_neg_integer) :: binary
  defp macro(ctx, letter) when ?A <= letter and letter <= ?Z,
    do: macro(ctx, letter + 32) |> URI.encode_www_form()

  defp macro(ctx, letter) do
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html#section-7.3
    case letter do
      ?d -> ctx.domain
      ?h -> ctx.helo
      ?s -> ctx.sender
      ?l -> split(ctx.sender) |> elem(0)
      ?o -> split(ctx.sender) |> elem(1)
      ?v -> if ctx.atype == :a, do: "in-addr", else: "ip6"
      ?r -> "unknown"
      ?c -> macro_c(ctx.ip)
      ?i -> macro_i(ctx.ip)
      ?p -> macro_p(ctx)
    end
  end

  @spec macro_c(binary) :: binary
  defp macro_c(ip) do
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html#section-7.3
    # - use inet.ntoa to get shorthand ip6 (appease v-macro-ip6 test)
    # addr = Pfx.new(ip) |> Pfx.marshall({0, 0, 0, 0})

    # :inet.ntoa(addr)
    # |> List.to_string()
    Pfx.new(ip)
    |> Pfx.marshall({0, 0, 0, 0})
    |> :inet.ntoa()
    |> List.to_string()
  end

  @spec macro_i(binary) :: binary
  defp macro_i(ip) do
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html#section-7.3
    # - upcase reversed ip address (appease v-macro-ip6 test)
    pfx = Pfx.new(ip)

    case pfx.maxlen do
      32 -> "#{pfx}"
      _ -> Pfx.format(pfx, width: 4, base: 16) |> String.upcase()
    end
  end

  @spec macro_p(Spf.Context.t()) :: binary
  defp macro_p(ctx) do
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html#section-7.3
    # "p" macro expands to a validated domain name of <ip>
    # - perform a DNS reverse-mapping for <ip>
    # - for name returned lookup its IP addresses
    # - if <ip> is among the IP addresses, then that domain name is validated
    # - if the <domain> is present as a validated domain, it SHOULD be used
    # - otherwise, if a subdomain of the <domain> is present, it SHOULD be used
    # - otherwise, *any* name from the list can be used
    # - if there are no validated domain names use "unknown"
    # - if a DNS error occurs, the string "unknown" is used.
    {ctx, dns} = DNS.resolve(ctx, Pfx.dns_ptr(ctx.ip), type: :ptr, stats: false)

    domain = DNS.normalize(ctx.domain)

    case dns do
      {:error, _reason} ->
        "unknown"

      {:ok, rrs} ->
        Enum.take(rrs, 10)
        |> Enum.map(fn name -> DNS.normalize(name) end)
        |> Enum.map(fn name ->
          {name, DNS.resolve(ctx, name, type: ctx.atype, stats: false) |> elem(1)}
        end)
        |> Enum.filter(fn {name, dns} -> Eval.validate?(dns, ctx.ip, name, domain, false) end)
        |> Enum.map(fn {name, _dns} -> {String.bag_distance(name, domain), name} end)
        |> Enum.sort(fn {x0, s0}, {x1, s1} -> x0 > x1 || s0 < s1 end)
        |> List.first()
        |> case do
          nil -> "unknown"
          {_, str} -> inspect(str) |> String.trim("\"")
        end
    end
  end

  @spec pfxparse(binary, atom) :: {atom, Pfx.t()} | {:error, binary}
  defp pfxparse(pfx, :ip4) do
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html#section-5.6
    leadzero = String.match?(pfx, ~r/(^|[\.\/])0[0-9]/)
    fournums = String.match?(pfx, ~r/^\d+\.\d+\.\d+\.\d+/)

    warn =
      cond do
        String.match?(pfx, ~r/\/0$/) -> :wzero_mask
        String.match?(pfx, ~r/\/32$/) -> :wmax_mask
        true -> :ok
      end

    if fournums and not leadzero,
      do: {warn, Pfx.new(pfx)},
      else: {:error, pfx}
  rescue
    _ -> {:error, pfx}
  end

  defp pfxparse(pfx, :ip6) do
    warn =
      cond do
        String.match?(pfx, ~r/\/0$/) -> :wzero_mask
        String.match?(pfx, ~r/\/128$/) -> :wmax_mask
        true -> :ok
      end

    {warn, Pfx.new(pfx)}
  rescue
    _ -> {:error, pfx}
  end

  # CHECKS
  # - checks performed by Spf.Parser at various stages

  @spec check(Spf.Context.t(), atom) :: Spf.Context.t()
  defp check(ctx, :spf_length) do
    case String.length(ctx.spf) do
      len when len > 512 ->
        log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "#{ctx.domain} - SPF TXT length #{len} > 512 characters")

      _ ->
        ctx
    end
  end

  defp check(ctx, :spf_residue) do
    case String.length(ctx.spf_rest) do
      len when len > 0 -> log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "SPF string residue #{inspect(ctx.spf_rest)}")
      _ -> ctx
    end
  end

  defp check(ctx, :explain_reachable) do
    # if none of the terms have a fail qualifier, an explain is superfluous
    if ctx.explain != nil do
      Enum.filter(ctx.ast, fn {type, _tokval, _range} -> type != :redirect end)
      |> Enum.map(fn {_type, tokval, _range} -> tokval end)
      |> Enum.filter(fn l -> List.first(l, ?+) == ?- end)
      |> case do
        [] -> log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "SPF record cannot fail, so explain is never used")
        _ -> ctx
      end
    else
      ctx
    end
  end

  defp check(ctx, :no_implicit) do
    # warn if there's no redirect and no all present
    explicit = Enum.filter(ctx.ast, fn {type, _tokval, _range} -> type in [:all, :redirect] end)

    case explicit do
      [] -> log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "SPF record has implicit end (?all)")
      _ -> ctx
    end
  end

  defp check(ctx, :max_redirect) do
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html#section-5
    # redirect modifier is allowed only once
    redirs = Enum.filter(ctx.ast, fn {type, _tokal, _range} -> type == :redirect end)

    if length(redirs) > 1 do
      [_, {_, _, range} | _] = redirs

      error(
        ctx,
        :parse,
        :repeated_modifier,
        "#{spf_term(ctx, range)} - redirect is allowed only once",
        :permerror
      )
    else
      ctx
    end
  end

  defp check(ctx, :redirect_last) do
    # https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7208.html#section-4.6.3
    # redirect modifier takes effect after all mechanisms have been evaluated
    # - note this check must come after check :all_no_redirect
    {redir, ast} = List.keytake(ctx.ast, :redirect, 0) || {nil, nil}
    last = List.last(ctx.ast)

    case redir do
      nil ->
        ctx

      ^last ->
        ctx

      {_, _, range} ->
        log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "#{spf_term(ctx, range)} - not last term")
        |> Map.put(:ast, ast ++ [redir])
    end
  end

  defp check(ctx, :all_no_redirect) do
    # warn on ignoring a superfluous `redirect`
    # - note that this check must come before :redirect_last
    all = Enum.filter(ctx.ast, fn {type, _tokval, _range} -> type == :all end)

    if length(all) > 0 do
      case List.keytake(ctx[:ast], :redirect, 0) do
        nil ->
          ctx

        {redir, ast} ->
          log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "redirect #{inspect(redir)} ignored: `all` is present")
          |> Map.put(:ast, ast)
      end
    else
      ctx
    end
  end

  defp check(ctx, :all_last) do
    # warns on terms being ignored
    # - exp is actually part of the context and does not appear in the ast
    # - redirect is (already) removed from ast if all is present
    rest = Enum.drop_while(ctx.ast, fn {t, _, _} -> t != :all end)

    case rest do
      [{_, _, r0} | tail] when tail != [] ->
        Enum.reduce(tail, ctx, fn {_, _, r1}, ctx ->
          log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "term after #{spf_term(ctx, r0)} ignored: #{spf_term(ctx, r1)}")
        end)

      _ ->
        ctx
    end
  end

  # PARSER

  @spec parse(token, Spf.Context.t()) :: Spf.Context.t()
  defp parse({atom, [qual, args], range}, ctx) when atom in [:a, :mx] do
    # A, MX
    spec = List.keyfind(args, :domspec, 0, [])
    domain = expand(ctx, spec)

    dual = List.keyfind(args, :dual_cidr, 0, [])
    {warn, cidr} = cidr(ctx, dual)

    term = spf_term(ctx, range)

    if domain == :einvalid or warn == :error do
      error(ctx, :parse, :syntax_error, "#{term} - syntax error", :permerror)
    else
      ast(ctx, {atom, [qual, domain, cidr], range})
      |> tick(:num_dnsm)
      |> log(:parse, :debug, "DNS MECH (#{ctx.num_dnsm}): #{term}")
      |> test(:parse, :debug, not String.contains?(term, domain), "#{term} -x-> #{domain}")
      |> test(:parse, :warn, warn == :wzero_mask, "#{term} - ZERO prefix length not advisable!")
      |> test(:parse, :warn, warn == :wmax_mask, "#{term} - default mask can be omitted")
    end
  end

  defp parse({:all, [qual], range}, ctx) do
    # All
    ast(ctx, {:all, [qual], range})
    |> test(:parse, :warn, qual in [??, ?+], "#{spf_term(ctx, range)} - usage not advisable")
  end

  defp parse({atom, [qual, domspec], range}, ctx) when atom in [:include, :exists] do
    # Exists, Include
    term = spf_term(ctx, range)

    case(expand(ctx, domspec)) do
      :einvalid ->
        error(ctx, :parse, :syntax_error, "#{term} - syntax error", :permerror)

      domain ->
        ast(ctx, {atom, [qual, domain], range})
        |> tick(:num_dnsm)
        |> log(:parse, :debug, "DNS MECH (#{ctx.num_dnsm}): #{term}")
        |> test(:parse, :debug, not String.contains?(term, domain), "#{term} -x-> #{domain}")
    end
  end

  defp parse({:exp, [domspec], range}, ctx) do
    # Exp
    term = spf_term(ctx, range)

    case expand(ctx, domspec) do
      :einvalid ->
        error(ctx, :parse, :syntax_error, "#{term} - syntax error", :permerror)

      domain ->
        ast(ctx, {:exp, [domain], range})
        |> test(:parse, :debug, not String.contains?(term, domain), "#{term} -x-> #{domain}")
    end
  end

  defp parse({atom, [qual, ip], range}, ctx) when atom in [:ip4, :ip6] do
    # IP4, IP6
    # TODO: have ip4/6 tokens as {:ip4/6, [qual, [ip, {:dual_cidr, .., ..}]], range}
    # TODO: have only cidr() check/warn for prefix lengths, eliminate that
    # check in pfxparse() (DRY principle)
    term = spf_term(ctx, range)

    case pfxparse(ip, atom) do
      {:error, _} ->
        error(ctx, :parse, :syntax_error, "#{term} - syntax error", :permerror)

      {warn, pfx} ->
        ast(ctx, {atom, [qual, pfx], range})
        |> test(:parse, :warn, warn == :wmax_mask, "#{term} - default mask can be omitted")
        |> test(:parse, :warn, warn == :wzero_mask, "#{term} - ZERO prefix length not advisable!")
    end
  end

  defp parse({:ptr, [qual, args], range}, ctx) do
    # Ptr
    spec = List.keyfind(args, :domspec, 0, [])
    term = spf_term(ctx, range)

    case expand(ctx, spec) do
      :einvalid ->
        error(ctx, :parse, :syntax_error, "#{term} - syntax error", :permerror)

      domain ->
        ast(ctx, {:ptr, [qual, domain], range})
        |> tick(:num_dnsm)
        |> log(:parse, :debug, "DNS MECH (#{ctx.num_dnsm}): #{term}")
        |> log(:parse, :warn, "#{term} ** usage is not recommended")
        |> test(:parse, :debug, not String.contains?(term, domain), "#{term} -x-> #{domain}")
    end
  end

  defp parse({:redirect, [domspec], range}, ctx) do
    # Redirect
    term = spf_term(ctx, range)

    case expand(ctx, domspec) do
      :einvalid ->
        error(ctx, :parse, :syntax_error, "#{term} - syntax error", :permerror)

      domain ->
        ast(ctx, {:redirect, [domain], range})
        |> tick(:num_dnsm)
        |> log(:parse, :debug, "DNS MECH (#{ctx.num_dnsm}): #{term}")
        |> test(:parse, :debug, not String.contains?(term, domain), "#{term} -x-> #{domain}")
    end
  end

  defp parse({:version, [n], range} = _token, ctx) do
    # Version
    case n do
      1 ->
        ctx

      _ ->
        error(
          ctx,
          :parse,
          :syntax_error,
          "#{spf_term(ctx, range)} - unknown spf version",
          :permerror
        )
    end
  end

  defp parse({:whitespace, [wspace], range}, ctx) do
    # Whitespace
    ctx =
      if String.length(wspace) > 1,
        do: log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "repeated whitespace: #{inspect(range)}"),
        else: ctx

    if String.contains?(wspace, "\t"),
      do: log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "tab as whitespace: #{inspect(range)}"),
      else: ctx
  end

  defp parse({:unknown, _tokvalue, range} = _token, ctx) do
    # Unknown
    error(ctx, :parse, :syntax_error, "#{spf_term(ctx, range)} - syntax error", :permerror)
  end

  defp parse({:unknown_mod, _tokvalue, range} = _token, ctx) do
    # Unknown_mod
    log(ctx, :parse, :warn, "#{spf_term(ctx, range)} - unknown modifier ignored")
  end

  defp parse(token, ctx),
    # CatchAll
    do: log(ctx, :parse, :error, "Spf.parser.check: no handler available for #{inspect(token)}")
end