defmodule ExArrow do
  @moduledoc """
  Apache Arrow support for the BEAM: IPC, Flight, ADBC, and data interchange.

  ExArrow keeps Arrow data in native (Rust) memory and exposes opaque handles
  on the Elixir side. Copying to the BEAM heap happens only when explicitly
  requested.

  ## Arrow hierarchy

  Arrow organises columnar data in a strict hierarchy:

  - **Array** — a single column of typed values (the leaf node).
  - **RecordBatch** — a collection of Arrays sharing a row count and schema.
  - **Table** — a logical table backed by one or more RecordBatches.
  - **Stream** — a lazy sequence of RecordBatches (used by IPC, Flight, ADBC,
    and Parquet).
  - **Schema** — metadata describing field names, types, and nullability.
  - **Field** — one column's metadata within a Schema.

  Data flows through these levels: a Stream yields Batches, a Batch exposes
  its Schema and row count, and the Schema lists its Fields.

  ## Data interchange (v0.6+)

  ExArrow serves as a universal data interchange layer between Arrow and the
  wider Elixir ecosystem:

  - `from_dataframe/1` / `to_dataframe/1` — Explorer DataFrame <-> Arrow
  - `from_nx/1` / `to_nx/1` — Nx Tensor <-> Arrow

  These top-level functions delegate to focused bridge modules:
  `ExArrow.DataFrame`, `ExArrow.Explorer`, and `ExArrow.Nx`.

  ## Public API outline

  ### Data interchange
  - `ExArrow.from_dataframe/1`, `to_dataframe/1` — Explorer <-> Arrow
  - `ExArrow.from_nx/1`, `to_nx/1` — Nx <-> Arrow
  - `ExArrow.DataFrame.from_arrow/1`, `to_arrow/1` — DataFrame-oriented API

  ### Core handles (opaque references)
  - `ExArrow.Schema` – schema metadata (fields)
  - `ExArrow.Field` – field name, type, and nullability
  - `ExArrow.Array` – column array handle
  - `ExArrow.RecordBatch` – batch of columns with shared row count
  - `ExArrow.Table` – table with schema and batches
  - `ExArrow.Stream` – stream of record batches (IPC/Flight)

  ### IPC (`ExArrow.IPC`)
  - `ExArrow.IPC.Reader.from_binary/1`, `from_file/1` – read stream from binary or file
  - `ExArrow.IPC.Writer.to_binary/2`, `to_file/3` – write batches to binary or file

  ### Flight (`ExArrow.Flight`)
  - `ExArrow.Flight.Client` – connect, do_get, do_put
  - `ExArrow.Flight.Server` – minimal server (e.g. echo)

  ### Flight SQL (`ExArrow.FlightSQL`)
  - `ExArrow.FlightSQL.Client` – connect, query, execute, prepare, metadata
  - `ExArrow.FlightSQL.Statement` – bind, execute, execute_update, parameter_schema, close
  - `ExArrow.RecordBatch.from_columns/4` – build parameter batches for bind

  ### ADBC (`ExArrow.ADBC`)
  - `ExArrow.ADBC.Database.open/1` – open database (driver path or opts)
  - `ExArrow.ADBC.Connection.open/1` – open connection from database
  - `ExArrow.ADBC.Statement` – new(conn, sql) or new(conn, sql, bind: batch), execute (returns stream); set_sql/bind for reuse/rebind

  ### Schema mapping
  - `ExArrow.Schema.Mapper` – bidirectional Arrow <-> Explorer/Nx type mapping

  ### Errors
  - `ExArrow.Error` – structured exception with code, message, details
  """

  @explorer_available Code.ensure_loaded?(Explorer.DataFrame)
  @nx_available Code.ensure_loaded?(Nx)

  @doc """
  Returns the native NIF crate version. Used to verify the NIF loads.
  """
  @spec native_version() :: String.t()
  def native_version do
    ExArrow.Native.nif_version()
  end

  if @explorer_available do
    @doc """
    Convert an `Explorer.DataFrame` to a single `ExArrow.RecordBatch`.

    The dataframe is serialised to Arrow IPC and read back as native batches.
    When Explorer splits a large dataframe into multiple IPC batches they are
    concatenated into one batch, so the full row count and all values are
    preserved.

    Schema field names and value types are preserved.  Nullability is not guaranteed to survive
    the Explorer IPC round-trip: Explorer does not distinguish nullable from
    non-nullable columns, so columns may be reported as nullable regardless of
    the source data.

    Returns `{:ok, batch}` or `{:error, message}`.

    ## Examples

        df = Explorer.DataFrame.new(x: [1, 2, 3], y: ["a", "b", "c"])
        {:ok, batch} = ExArrow.from_dataframe(df)
        ExArrow.RecordBatch.num_rows(batch)  #=> 3
    """
    @spec from_dataframe(Explorer.DataFrame.t()) ::
            {:ok, ExArrow.RecordBatch.t()} | {:error, String.t()}
    def from_dataframe(df), do: ExArrow.DataFrame.to_arrow(df)

    @doc """
    Convert an `ExArrow.RecordBatch` or `ExArrow.Stream` to an
    `Explorer.DataFrame`.

    Column names, row count, and values are preserved.  See `from_dataframe/1` for a
    note on nullability through the Explorer round-trip.

    Returns `{:ok, dataframe}` or `{:error, message}`.

    ## Examples

        {:ok, batch} = ExArrow.from_dataframe(df)
        {:ok, df2} = ExArrow.to_dataframe(batch)
        Explorer.DataFrame.n_rows(df2)  #=> 3
    """
    @spec to_dataframe(ExArrow.RecordBatch.t() | ExArrow.Stream.t()) ::
            {:ok, Explorer.DataFrame.t()} | {:error, String.t()}
    def to_dataframe(batch_or_stream), do: ExArrow.DataFrame.from_arrow(batch_or_stream)
  else
    @doc false
    def from_dataframe(_),
      do:
        {:error,
         "Explorer is not available. Add {:explorer, \"~> 0.11\"} to your mix.exs dependencies."}

    @doc false
    def to_dataframe(_),
      do:
        {:error,
         "Explorer is not available. Add {:explorer, \"~> 0.11\"} to your mix.exs dependencies."}
  end

  if @nx_available do
    @doc """
    Convert an `Nx.Tensor` to an `ExArrow.RecordBatch`.

    Supported dtypes: `{:u, 8}`, `{:s, 64}`, `{:f, 32}`, `{:f, 64}`, and
    all other integer/float dtypes supported by `ExArrow.Schema.Mapper`.

    Rank-1 tensors produce a single-column batch named `"value"`.  Rank-2
    tensors produce an N-column batch with columns named `"c0"`, `"c1"`, ...
    `"c{N-1}"`, where N is the size of the second axis.  Tensors of rank > 2
    are not supported.

    ## Options

    - `:as` — when set to `:boolean`, the column is created as an Arrow
      Boolean array.  Only valid for `{:u, 8}` tensors.  Default: `:numeric`.
    - `:name` — column name for rank-1 tensors.  Default: `"value"`.

    Returns `{:ok, batch}` or `{:error, message}`.

    ## Examples

        # Rank-1 s64 tensor
        {:ok, batch} = ExArrow.from_nx(Nx.tensor([1, 2, 3], type: {:s, 64}))
        ExArrow.RecordBatch.num_rows(batch)  #=> 3

        # Rank-2 f64 tensor → 3 columns (c0, c1, c2), 2 rows
        {:ok, batch} = ExArrow.from_nx(Nx.tensor([[1.0, 2.0, 3.0], [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]], type: {:f, 64}))

        # Boolean tensor
        {:ok, batch} = ExArrow.from_nx(Nx.tensor([1, 0, 1], type: {:u, 8}), as: :boolean)
    """
    @spec from_nx(Nx.Tensor.t(), keyword()) ::
            {:ok, ExArrow.RecordBatch.t()} | {:error, String.t()}
    def from_nx(tensor, opts \\ []) do
      shape = Nx.shape(tensor)

      cond do
        tuple_size(shape) > 2 ->
          {:error, "tensors of rank > 2 are not supported for Arrow conversion"}

        tuple_size(shape) == 2 and Keyword.get(opts, :as) == :boolean ->
          {:error, "as: :boolean is not supported for rank-2 tensors"}

        tuple_size(shape) == 2 ->
          from_nx_rank2(tensor)

        true ->
          name = Keyword.get(opts, :name, "value")
          ExArrow.Nx.from_tensor(tensor, name, Keyword.take(opts, [:as]))
      end
    end

    # Column names are zero-padded (c00, c01, ...) so that the lexicographic
    # ordering used by ExArrow.Nx.from_tensors/1 matches the numeric column
    # order.  Without padding, "c10" would sort before "c2" and corrupt the
    # column order for tensors with more than 10 columns.
    defp from_nx_rank2(tensor) do
      {_rows, cols} = Nx.shape(tensor)
      nx_dtype = Nx.type(tensor)
      width = cols |> Integer.to_string() |> String.length()

      column_tensors =
        for c <- 0..(cols - 1), into: %{} do
          name = "c" <> String.pad_leading(Integer.to_string(c), width, "0")
          {name, Nx.as_type(tensor[[.., c]], nx_dtype)}
        end

      ExArrow.Nx.from_tensors(column_tensors)
    end

    @doc """
    Convert an `ExArrow.RecordBatch` to an `Nx.Tensor`.

    For a single-column numeric/boolean batch, returns a rank-1 tensor.
    For a multi-column batch with uniform numeric dtype, returns a rank-2
    tensor where columns become the second axis.

    Returns `{:ok, tensor}` or `{:error, message}`.

    ## Examples

        # Single column → rank-1
        {:ok, batch} = ExArrow.from_nx(Nx.tensor([1, 2, 3], type: {:s, 64}))
        {:ok, tensor} = ExArrow.to_nx(batch)
        Nx.shape(tensor)  #=> {3}

        # Multi-column uniform → rank-2
        {:ok, batch} = ExArrow.from_nx(Nx.tensor([[1, 2], [3, 4]], type: {:s, 64}))
        {:ok, tensor} = ExArrow.to_nx(batch)
        Nx.shape(tensor)  #=> {2, 2}
    """
    @spec to_nx(ExArrow.RecordBatch.t()) ::
            {:ok, Nx.Tensor.t()} | {:error, String.t()}
    def to_nx(batch) do
      schema = ExArrow.RecordBatch.schema(batch)
      fields = ExArrow.Schema.fields(schema)

      case extract_numeric_fields(fields) do
        {:error, _} = err ->
          err

        {:ok, []} ->
          {:error, "no numeric columns available for Nx conversion"}

        {:ok, numeric_fields} ->
          # Sort by column name so multi-column reconstruction is deterministic
          # and independent of the batch's internal field order (which is not
          # guaranteed for batches built from a map of tensors).  `from_nx/1`
          # zero-pads rank-2 column names (c00, c01, ...) so that this
          # lexicographic sort matches the original numeric column order.
          columns = numeric_fields |> Enum.map(& &1.name) |> Enum.sort()
          to_nx_from_columns(batch, columns)
      end
    end

    defp extract_numeric_fields(fields) do
      mapper = ExArrow.Schema.Mapper

      result =
        Enum.reduce_while(fields, {:ok, []}, fn field, {:ok, acc} ->
          case mapper.arrow_type_atom_to_dtype(field.type) do
            {:ok, dtype} ->
              if mapper.numeric?(dtype) do
                {:cont, {:ok, [field | acc]}}
              else
                {:cont, {:ok, acc}}
              end

            {:error, _} ->
              {:cont, {:ok, acc}}
          end
        end)

      case result do
        {:ok, fields} -> {:ok, Enum.reverse(fields)}
        other -> other
      end
    end

    defp to_nx_from_columns(batch, [single_col]) do
      ExArrow.Nx.column_to_tensor(batch, single_col)
    end

    defp to_nx_from_columns(batch, columns) do
      case ExArrow.Nx.to_tensors(batch) do
        {:ok, tensors} ->
          col_tensors = Enum.map(columns, &Map.fetch!(tensors, &1))
          first_dtype = Nx.type(hd(col_tensors))

          if Enum.all?(col_tensors, &(Nx.type(&1) == first_dtype)) do
            rows = Nx.size(hd(col_tensors))
            stacked = Nx.stack(col_tensors, axis: 1)
            {:ok, Nx.reshape(stacked, {rows, length(columns)})}
          else
            {:error,
             "cannot create rank-2 tensor: columns have non-uniform dtypes. Use ExArrow.Nx.to_tensors/1 for per-column access."}
          end

        {:error, _} = err ->
          err
      end
    end
  else
    @doc false
    def from_nx(_tensor, _opts \\ []),
      do: {:error, "Nx is not available. Add {:nx, \"~> 0.9\"} to your mix.exs dependencies."}

    @doc false
    def to_nx(_batch),
      do: {:error, "Nx is not available. Add {:nx, \"~> 0.9\"} to your mix.exs dependencies."}
  end
end