NexusMCP

MCP (Model Context Protocol) server library for Elixir.

Implements the 2025-11-25 spec over the Streamable HTTP transport, with a GenServer-per-session architecture and concurrent tool execution via Task.Supervisor.

Supports the three MCP server primitives:

Tools — model-controlled functions (deftool)
Prompts — user-controlled message templates (defprompt)
Resources — application-controlled context (defresource, defresource_template)

Installation

def deps do
  [
    {:nexus_mcp, "~> 0.5.0"}
  ]
end

Quick start

defmodule MyApp.MCP do
  use NexusMCP.Server,
    name: "my-app",
    version: "1.0.0"

  deftool "hello", "Say hello",
    params: [name: {:string!, "Person's name"}] do
    {:ok, "Hello, #{params["name"]}!"}
  end
end

Add the supervisor to your application:

children = [
  {NexusMCP.Supervisor, []},
  # ...
]

Route requests to the transport:

forward "/mcp", NexusMCP.Transport, server: MyApp.MCP

Tools

Tools are exposed to MCP clients via tools/list and tools/call. Inside the do block, params and session are bound.

deftool "get_page", "Get a page by ID",
  params: [id: {:string!, "Page ID"}] do
  page = CMS.get_page!(params["id"])
  {:ok, Map.take(page, [:id, :title, :slug, :body])}
end

Tool calls execute concurrently in supervised Task processes — slow tools don't block other RPCs on the same session.

Param types

:string, :integer, :number, :boolean, :object, plus {:array, type}. Append ! to mark required (:string!, :integer!, …). Pair with a description: {:string!, "Page ID"}.

Annotations

Add MCP tool annotations to hint behavior:

deftool "delete_item", "Delete an item",
  params: [id: {:string!, "Item ID"}],
  annotations: %{readOnlyHint: false, destructiveHint: true, idempotentHint: true} do
  Items.delete!(params["id"])
  {:ok, %{deleted: true}}
end

Supported keys: readOnlyHint, destructiveHint, idempotentHint, openWorldHint, title.

Output schemas

Add an output schema to describe the shape of a tool's result, so clients and models can rely on its structure instead of inferring it:

deftool "get_weather", "Get current weather",
  params: [city: {:string!, "City name"}],
  output_schema: %{
    type: "object",
    properties: %{
      temperature: %{type: "number", description: "Temperature in celsius"},
      conditions: %{type: "string", description: "Weather conditions"}
    },
    required: ["temperature", "conditions"]
  } do
  {:ok, %{temperature: 22.5, conditions: "Partly cloudy"}}
end

The schema is advertised as outputSchema in tools/list. Tools that declare one also return their result in the structuredContent field of tools/call, alongside the serialized JSON in a text content block for backwards compatibility:

{
  "content": [{ "type": "text", "text": "{\"temperature\":22.5,\"conditions\":\"Partly cloudy\"}" }],
  "structuredContent": { "temperature": 22.5, "conditions": "Partly cloudy" }
}

Your handler is unchanged — the same {:ok, result} populates both fields. Errors never carry structured content.

Per the MCP specification, servers MUST provide structured results conforming to the declared schema. Two rules follow from that:

The root type must be "object". MCP 2025-11-25 restricts output schemas to objects, because structuredContent is itself typed as a JSON object. Declaring an array or scalar schema raises when the tool is defined. To return a list, wrap it: %{type: "object", properties: %{entries: %{type: "array", ...}}}.
A tool declaring a schema must return a map. Anything else — a list, a scalar, or pre-formatted content blocks — cannot conform, so it produces a tool execution error (isError: true) instead of a successful response silently missing the structuredContent it advertised. Unstructured content may accompany a structured result, but cannot replace it.

Tools that need to return content blocks directly simply omit output_schema.

nexus_mcp does not validate result contents against the schema — matching properties and types is a contract you are responsible for keeping.

Prompts

Prompts are user-invoked templates (e.g. slash commands) surfaced via prompts/list and prompts/get. The handler returns a list of MCP messages.

defprompt "code_review", "Ask the model to review code",
  arguments: [code: {:string!, "The code to review"}] do
  {:ok, [
    %{role: "user",
      content: %{type: "text", text: "Please review:\n" <> params["code"]}}
  ]}
end

Required arguments are validated before the handler runs — missing required args produce a -32602 JSON-RPC error.

Resources

Resources are application-controlled context surfaced via resources/list, resources/templates/list, and resources/read.

Static resources

defresource "config://app",
  name: "app_config",
  description: "Application configuration",
  mime_type: "application/json" do
  {:ok, Jason.encode!(MyApp.config())}
end

The handler can return:

{:ok, binary} — wrapped as text if mime_type is textual (text/* or application/json), otherwise base64-encoded as blob
{:ok, %{text: string}} or {:ok, %{blob: base64}} — passed through
{:error, :not_found} — surfaces as JSON-RPC -32002

Templated resources

Use RFC 6570 URI templates with {var} (single segment) or {+var} (multi-segment, reserved expansion):

defresource_template "file:///{path}",
  name: "project_files",
  description: "Files in the project directory",
  mime_type: "text/plain" do
  {:ok, File.read!(params["path"])}
end

defresource_template "tree:///{+path}",
  name: "tree_node",
  mime_type: "application/json" do
  {:ok, Jason.encode!(Tree.fetch(params["path"]))}
end

URI captures land in params keyed by the template variable name.

Subscriptions (not yet supported)

Per-resource subscriptions (resources/subscribe, notifications/resources/updated) are not implemented in this release. Resources are advertised with "subscribe": false at initialization.

Per-session setup

Override init/1 to validate or enrich the session at connection time, and wrap_tool_call/2 to install process-local context (tenant ID, request span, etc.) before every tool runs:

defmodule MyApp.MCP do
  use NexusMCP.Server, name: "my-app", version: "1.0.0"

  @impl true
  def init(session) do
    case authenticate(session.assigns[:api_key]) do
      {:ok, user} -> {:ok, put_in(session.assigns[:user], user)}
      :error      -> {:error, "unauthorized"}
    end
  end

  @impl true
  def wrap_tool_call(session, fun) do
    MyApp.Context.put_user_id(session.assigns[:user].id)
    fun.()
  rescue
    Ecto.NoResultsError -> {:error, "Not found"}
  end

  deftool "me", "Return the current user", params: [] do
    {:ok, %{id: session.assigns[:user].id}}
  end
end

Transport options

forward "/mcp", NexusMCP.Transport,
  server: MyApp.MCP,
  allowed_origins: ["https://myapp.com", "https://studio.myapp.com"]

When allowed_origins is set, requests with an Origin header not in the list are rejected with 403. Requests without an Origin header are allowed (e.g. server-to-server).

Session lifetime and memory

defmodule MyApp.MCP do
  use NexusMCP.Server,
    name: "my-app",
    version: "1.0.0",
    hibernate_after: 60_000
end

idle_timeout (default 7_200_000, 2 hours) is how long a session may sit idle before it is terminated.

hibernate_after (default 60_000) is how long a session must be quiet before it hibernates. Hibernating collapses the heap the session grew while handling requests, which the BEAM does not otherwise give back — with many concurrent sessions holding large tool results, that heap dominates memory use.

It is debounced rather than applied per call: every request re-arms the timer, so a session under steady traffic never hibernates and pays nothing, while one that goes quiet releases its heap and re-grows on the next message. Hibernating does not extend the inactivity deadline. Set hibernate_after: :infinity to disable it.

Distributed deployments

Session registry is swappable. Provide your own implementation of NexusMCP.SessionRegistry (e.g. backed by :global, :pg, or Horde) and configure it:

config :nexus_mcp, registry: MyApp.DistributedRegistry

Spec coverage

This release implements the MCP 2025-11-25 server spec for:

initialize + notifications/initialized
ping
tools/list, tools/call (with annotations, output schemas, and structured content)
prompts/list, prompts/get
resources/list, resources/templates/list, resources/read

Out of scope for this release (tracked separately):

resources/subscribe, resources/unsubscribe, notifications/resources/updated
notifications/{prompts,resources}/list_changed
completion/complete
Pagination cursors on */list methods (whole list returned in one page)
Full RFC 6570 URI template grammar (currently {var} and {+var})

License

MIT

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