Changelog

User-visible changes to Imp are recorded here.

0.12.0 — 2026-10-08

Fixed

• A non-streamed completion the provider stopped and billed still records its usage and cost. Since 0.11.0 a completion with finish_reason: :content_filter is {:error, %Imp.LMError{}}, and its :model_response event carried only the error, so a host that caps spend from recorded cost undercounted. The failed call's :model_response event now carries the same usage, cost, estimated_cost and billing metadata a completed call's does, beside error, and the usage is added to Imp.Usage, as a streamed call that fails after reporting usage already was. Migration: a host that summed cost only over :model_response events without an error should sum it over all of them.
• A completion with finish_reason: :error is a failed request: Imp.Clients.ReqLLM returns {:error, %Imp.LMError{retryable: false}} whose message is "API request failed: the completion finished with reason error: " followed by the response's text, with its usage and cost recorded as above. It returned {:ok, completion}, so the provider's text could become a prediction or a ReAct answer. ReqLLM gives this finish reason for a generation the provider reports as failed partway, and for any finish reason it does not recognise. Migration: a caller sees a failed LM call where it saw a completion.
• An Imp.Predict.ReActV2 step stopped by the content filter fails the turn at once with {:error, %Imp.Predict.ReActV2.StepError{}}. The turn made its usual last request (:last_text or the forced submit), which carried the same history, was filtered again and was billed again. DSPy's ReAct makes no further request after a step's LM error either. Other failed steps still get the last request. Migration: a host that read a filtered turn's :incomplete prediction, or a StepError from its last request, receives the step's StepError instead.

Added

• Imp.Clients.TRLTrainer.t/0, the struct type that Imp.Clients.TRLDeployment specs already referred to.
• Imp.LMError has a content_filtered field, true when the provider's content filter stopped the completion, so a caller can tell a filtered request from other non-retryable failures without reading reason.

Changed

• The install lines recommend {:imp, "~> 0.12.0"}. The two-part requirement they used before, such as ~> 0.11, accepts every later 0.x release, including minor releases that change what callers receive.

0.11.0 — 2026-10-08

Fixed

• A non-streamed completion that the provider's content filter stopped (finish_reason: :content_filter) is a failed request: Imp.Clients.ReqLLM returns {:error, %Imp.LMError{retryable: false}}, whose message is "API request failed: the provider's content filter stopped the completion: " followed by the response's text. It returned {:ok, completion} with that text as the content, so a caller read the filter's message (OpenRouter's, for example, "The request was rejected because it was considered high risk") as the model's answer. Migration: Imp.Predict, ReAct and every other caller now see a failed LM call where they saw a completion. A host that detected the filter by matching the text, or by reading finish_reason on the completion, matches the Imp.LMError instead. A host that retries every Imp.LMError should check retryable, because sending the same request again is likely to be filtered again. Streamed completions are unchanged; see Known limits in the release notes.

0.10.0 — 2026-10-08

Added

• Opt-in MCP result_mode: :multimodal keeps MCP image content as typed images alongside the result's text. ReAct and saved-history replay send the images as call-labelled user attachments after the turn's tool responses. Imp.Adapter.Chat.format_tool_content/1 lets host renderers keep images while bounding text; format_tool_result/1 remains textual. format_tool_content/1 is now the Chat adapter's default tool-result renderer, so a result from any tool that is a list of strings and Imp.Adapter.Types.Image values with at least one image is sent the same way; every other result renders as format_tool_result/1 rendered it. In this mode an MCP image block without string data and mimeType, or whose data is not base64, raises ArgumentError in the tool call; it is not sent to the model.

Changed

• Imp.Trajectory.to_atif/2 now shows a run as the model saw it. Each model response is one agent step with model_name, metrics (tokens and cost), llm_call_count: 1, the provider's own reasoning as reasoning_content, and the tool calls the loop ran for it. A tool result's content is the tool message the model read next; the tool's own output is kept in extra.output when it differs, and extra.seen_by_model says whether the model read it at all. History replayed in the first request keeps its tool calls, results and reasoning. agent.tool_definitions, agent.model_name and final_metrics are filled in. A loop's :reasoning event (the visible thought beside a tool call) is extra.next_thought on its response step instead of a separate step. Migration: a reader that took reasoning_content as the step's visible thought, or expected tool calls as separate llm_call_count: 0 steps, should read the new fields. Also: a response served from Imp's cache has llm_call_count null; a tool call no response asked for (one a host dispatched) is still its own llm_call_count: 0 step; a call's extra.outcome is on the call in tool_calls, and on the step only for such a host-dispatched call; a user or system message a later request appends is a step of its own; a :reasoning event that follows no response to its request is a diagnostic; an :agent option is merged over the computed agent instead of replacing it; and extra.capture no longer says inference counts are unknown. This entry was listed under 0.9.0 on main after that release was tagged; it shipped in no release before this one.

Fixed

• A stored history turn no longer shows "Not supplied for this conversation history message." for an output it did not record: missing outputs are left out, and a turn with none is its user message alone. A predictor that names a tool-calls output keeps its recorded outputs when its history is replayed with native tool calls; it showed an empty message. Migration: a test that matched the filler must expect the turn without it.
• The system message no longer lists a history input or shows a [[ ## history ## ]] section, in any format. History arrives as earlier turns, never as that section. A field typed history is left out, and so is any input the call supplies as an Imp.History; a custom :system_renderer receives the signature without them. Migration: a test or custom renderer that matched the old field list must match the new one.
• With native tool calls, a tool call whose result renders as blank text keeps its tool message, in a loop's earlier steps and in replayed history. The message was dropped, leaving the assistant's call with no answer.
• Imp.Usage.track/1 counts streamed calls (Imp.collect/3, a stream with provider_stream: true), successful or failed, and a call made by Imp.Predict with track_usage on, including a failed one. A streamed call has ReqLLM's estimated_cost when ReqLLM priced it, as a non-streamed call does: ReqLLM's stream-level usage now fills the fields the chunks lack, and the chunks' figures stand where both report one. This retires the 0.9.0 Known limit on streamed usage. Migration: a host that worked around that limit by adding streamed usage, or a track_usage prediction's get_lm_usage/1, to its own tracker counts those calls twice and must stop.
• In a ReActV2 step with one unconstrained text output and native tool calls (no submit tool), the system message's opening line no longer says to use the tools to produce the answer, which contradicted the later line that the answer is the reply without a tool call. It now reads "You are an Agent. Produce answer from intent, using the supplied tools to gather information and take actions." Steps with submit, written tool calls, or the JSON and XML formats are unchanged. Migration: a test that matched the old opening line for this mode must match the new one.

0.9.0 — 2026-10-07

Fixed

• A ReActV2 step with one unconstrained text output, for an LM that calls tools natively, no longer asks for [[ ## answer ## ]] and [[ ## completed ## ]] markers while also saying the answer is the text of the message without a tool call. The Chat adapter's system message lays out the inputs alone (without a history placeholder), and the loop line reads "When the final answer is ready, reply without calling a tool: that message is answer." Step demos and stored turns are shown as that plain text. Replies that still use markers parse as before. Written tool calls and signatures with submit are unchanged. Migration: a test or custom renderer that matched the old system message text must match the new one.

0.8.1 — 2026-10-02

Fixed

• ACP tool results distinguish capture omission from a genuine null or empty result, render structured data and failures readably, and explicitly mark previews cut at the presentation byte bound. Tool-call identity and outcome remain intact; capture limits are unchanged.
• Local ACP sockets retain permitted large JSON frames instead of splitting them at the driver's default line buffer. Listener and client buffers follow the existing frame limit, and oversized frames remain refused.

0.8.0 — 2026-10-01

Changed

• ReActV2 with one unconstrained text output now asks for that task field directly, carrying its description into the step signature. A task named answer no longer asks the model to put it in next_thought. Typed and constrained tasks still complete through submit. Stored step history and legacy step demonstrations keep working; loaded agents derive the new contract from their task signature. Migration: scripted model responses and custom step renderers must use the task output name. This changes the model-facing contract, not the interpretation of nonempty prose as an answer.

Fixed

• OpenRouter requests without an explicit output-token limit leave it to the endpoint instead of reserving the model catalog's full output maximum. The inherited maximum could make otherwise usable prompts exceed the total context window. Ordinary and streamed requests preserve explicit limits.

Security

• Imp requires finch ~> 0.24, and its lock file and the example projects' take finch 0.24.0 with mint 1.11.0. Finch 0.24.0 closes an HTTP/1 connection a request timed out on, so mint 1.11.0 no longer makes the next request on that connection fail, and the lock no longer holds mint 1.10.1. That removes the three mint advisories (EEF-CVE-2026-91043, EEF-CVE-2026-92103, EEF-CVE-2026-94194) from .audit_ignore and the Known limits entry from the release notes. Migration: an application that added {:mint, "~> 1.10.1"} for this removes it; one whose lock has finch below 0.24 runs mix deps.update finch mint hpax.

0.7.0 — 2026-09-28

Changed

• Breaking: Imp.Core.LMResponse.cost, and the :cost on a :model_response event, is what the provider reported charging, as its docs said, and nil when the provider reported no charge. It was ReqLLM's catalog estimate for every model in ReqLLM's catalog, so every spend total built on it counted an estimate as money spent, and OpenRouter's own charge, which OpenRouter responses carry unasked, was overridden by it. OpenRouter calls now report OpenRouter's charge; one made with the caller's own provider key reports OpenRouter's fee plus the upstream charge, or nil when the upstream charge is missing. A call to any catalog-priced provider that reports no charge (Anthropic, OpenAI, Google, Groq, xAI and others) now has a nil cost where it had the estimate. The estimate is the new estimated_cost field on Imp.Core.LMResponse and :estimated_cost on the :model_response event, nil for a streamed call; billing is the breakdown behind that estimate, as it always was, and its docs now say so. Migration: a host that sums cost treats nil as an unknown charge, not a free one; a host that wants the old number for calls with no reported charge reads estimated_cost for them, knowing it is an estimate.
• Breaking: a stream from Imp.Clients.ReqLLM that did not complete ends in {:error, %Imp.LMError{}}, not in a completion of whatever text arrived first: one that carries a provider error, finishes with reason :error or :cancelled, or is incomplete, its body ending with no finish and no [DONE] (reason {:stream_finished, :incomplete}). The error event carries the usage and other metadata that arrived before it. Migration: a caller of Imp.stream/3 with provider_stream: true handles that error as any failed call; the request reached the provider, so it may have been charged.
• Breaking: a call streamed through Imp.Clients.ReqLLM records the configured model id without its provider prefix (gpt-test, where it recorded the whole openai:gpt-test) in the req_llm metadata of its :model_response event's :response, and its Imp.Usage entry is keyed "openai/gpt-test". In 0.6.0 a real streamed call had no Imp.Usage entry at all. A call to a client built from a string-keyed spec map or a {provider, opts} or {provider, model, opts} tuple, streamed or not, records its provider, where it recorded none, so its Imp.Usage key gains the "provider/" prefix. Migration: a host that matched the provider-prefixed model of a streamed call matches the model id, and one that reads Imp.Usage by key for such a client uses the prefixed key.
• Breaking: Imp.Predict.ReActV2's :last_request_note reaches the model as a user message with no assistant reply after it, as documented, in the last request and whenever the returned history is passed back. It was stored as a history entry with inputs and no outputs. The chat adapter renders that as a finished exchange, so the note was followed by an assistant message the model never gave, each field reading "Not supplied for this conversation history message." Using that filler for history is Imp's; DSPy 3.2.1 renders a missing history output as None. The note, and the entry for inputs no step spent that comes before it when the first step failed, now carry tool_calls: %Imp.Adapter.Types.ToolCalls{tool_calls: []} and tool_call_results: [], like every other step the loop records. Migration: a host that recognises the note in metadata.history by its shape (only the first input's key) matches it by that key with an empty tool_calls list, or by its text. A note recorded by an earlier version keeps the old shape and still renders with the filler; to render it as this release does, add tool_calls: %Imp.Adapter.Types.ToolCalls{tool_calls: []} and tool_call_results: [] to that entry. History entries a host writes keep Imp's rendering.
• In written tool mode (an LM that cannot call tools natively, where earlier steps replay as text), a stored step that recorded no call and no other output replays as its user message alone, as native replay already did. A ReActV2 step that answered with nothing no longer replays as an assistant message of filler. A turn that recorded any output, an answer included, keeps its assistant message.

Fixed

• A call streamed through Imp.Clients.ReqLLM records the usage and the cost the provider reported at the end of the stream. ReqLLM's stream is a Stream.resource, which reports its end as halted rather than done, and Imp ended such a stream without its terminal event, so every streamed call was recorded with no usage and no cost. The stream now ends with exactly one terminal event, done: true with the provider's usage (including its "cost"), model and finish reason, taking the finish reason, and usage no chunk reported, from ReqLLM's metadata handle.
• A streamed call that fails after the provider reported usage records that usage and cost on its failed :model_response event, since the provider may have charged for it. The caller still receives {:error, reason}.
• A streamed call to a client built from an inline spec map, with atom or string keys, or a {provider, opts} or {provider, model, opts} tuple no longer fails with {:lm_stream_failed, "protocol String.Chars not implemented ..."}.
• :reasoning_effort accepts max, when an LM is built, on a call and in a saved program. Imp's accepted efforts are read from ReqLLM's own reasoning_effort option, so they are every effort ReqLLM accepts, on every provider. ReqLLM's provider translates it where it has a translation (Anthropic and Google turn it into a thinking budget); OpenAI, OpenRouter, Groq and xAI receive the effort as written, and it is the provider's to accept. OpenRouter receives "max" in either wire field.
• A string effort such as "high" reaches ReqLLM as its atom. ReqLLM checks the effort against its atom list before any provider sees it, so in 0.6.0 a string effort, including every effort loaded from a saved program, failed every call on most providers: OpenRouter without openrouter_reasoning_wire: :nested, Anthropic, Google and Groq among them. OpenAI and xAI were not affected.

0.6.0 — 2026-09-28

Security

• Imp's lock file and the example projects' keep mint 1.10.1, which has three advisories that mint 1.11.0 fixes: EEF-CVE-2026-91043 and EEF-CVE-2026-92103 are in Mint's HTTP/2 client, and EEF-CVE-2026-94194 is in HTTP/1 chunked framing and needs an intermediary between the client and a malicious server. mint 1.11.0 leaves an HTTP/1 connection open after a receive timeout, and Finch 0.23.0 reuses it, so requests after a timeout fail (see Known limits in the release notes). .audit_ignore lists the three advisories with the reason and the condition that removes them: a Finch release that includes https://github.com/sneako/finch/pull/397, which is open and unreleased.
• Imp.Redaction redacts a string that holds a PEM private key of any type, a PGP private key block or a PuTTY key file; a Stripe (sk_live_, rk_live_), GitHub, GitLab (glpat-), Hugging Face (hf_), Slack (xox?-), SendGrid (SG.), npm (npm_), PyPI (pypi-AgE), Google OAuth (ya29.) or Vault (hvs.) token, or a JSON Web Token; an AWS access key id longer than 20 characters; a URL with a password in its user info; or a signed URL's X-Amz-Signature, X-Amz-Security-Token, X-Goog-Signature or Azure sig. It passed these unchanged into run events, traces, trajectories and saved programs. As before, the whole string is replaced, and every shape it caught before is still caught. It tries 22 patterns where 0.5.0 tried 7, so it is slower on text that holds no credential.
• A Bearer token of 16 or more characters with a digit in it is found wherever it ends: mid-line (Bearer <token> https://…) or before a newline ("Authorization: Bearer <token>\nmachine …"). Both were missed. A word without a digit after Bearer, followed by more text, is still read as prose and left alone.
• Near misses for Bearer or Basic in one letter case (BEARER x lines) are redacted in linear time; they took quadratic time.
• Imp.ExternalCommand redacts captured output with the same rules, in place of its own sk- and Bearer patterns: output that holds a credential is "[REDACTED]" whole, so the credentials printed beside a recognized one (env | grep AWS, a credentials file) go with it. A Bearer token of 12 to 15 characters, or one with no digit, followed by more text or a newline is shown, where 0.5.0's own Bearer pattern hid any such token of 12 or more characters. The optimizer's pricing URL check uses the same rules instead of its own.
• Writers redact a term before converting it: optimizer reports (Imp.Optimizer.Report.dump/1, json_safe/1, json_projection/1), experiment results, Imp.Evaluate.Result.save_as_json/2 and save_as_csv/2, BetterTogether's bootstrap diagnostics, optimizer artifact candidates, GRPO session checkpoints, Optimize Anything results, ACP session records and saved programs (a Predict's demos and metadata, KNN examples, memory retriever documents). They converted first, so a client, retriever or MCP OAuth store in them was written with its header values, URL query secrets or store key, and a secret in a map key that is a tuple, a list or a struct was written as it was. Imp.Redaction.drop_credentials/1 redacts such structs too. The SIMBA, MIPROv2, InferRules and random-search checkpoints redact their failure reasons; the instructions, demos and scores a resumed run continues from are kept as they are. Output that holds no secret is unchanged.
• Imp.Redaction.redact/2 hides a connection struct's header values and the query, fragment and user info of its URLs, as inspect/1 already did: Imp.Clients.ReqLLM, Imp.Retrievers.HTTP, Imp.Tracking.MLflow, Imp.Tracking.WandB, Imp.Optimize.Anything.Config.Tracking, ExMCP.Client and ExMCP.Transport.HTTP. A retriever in a tool result kept an X-Subscription-Token header, a cookie and a ?key= URL in render_inspection/2, run-event JSON and ATIF.
• Imp.Redaction.redact/2 redacts the secrets in Imp.MCP.OAuth.Store (the derived key), Imp.MCP.OAuth.Pending (the authorization URL and state) and Imp.MCP.OAuth.Flow (the authorization URL, PKCE transaction and registered client), keeping each struct and its other fields. They were walked as plain maps, so the store's key reached any redacted output that held a store. code_verifier is a credential name, so a PKCE transaction map is redacted on its own too.
• An error about a devset, evaluation row, field entry or demo that is not an example names its type and key names, never its values.
• A map key that is a string shaped like a credential is redacted. Imp.Optimizer.Trajectory names a key it refuses (one that is not an atom or a string) by its type; it printed the key, credential included.
• The ReqLLM.Error.API.Request inside an Imp.LMError from Imp.Clients.ReqLLM carries at most one response header, retry-after. Any other header ReqLLM left on the error is removed, so cookies, account identifiers and request ids no longer reach logs, checkpoints or run events through inspect/1 of the error.
• An ACP session store redacts the history and transcript it writes, except the provider's reasoning_content and reasoning_details. A resumed session therefore replays a user message or tool result that held a credential as "[REDACTED]", both to the client and in the model's history. The session's _meta is stored as sent; Imp never reads it.
• A two-element list with a name first is a key and its value only when it is an element of a list, as JSON writes config, headers and tool results ([["api_key", key], ["model", "gpt"]]); held directly as a field or map value, it is data. Saving and Imp.Redaction.drop_credentials/1 read every such list as a pair, so a saved program whose example had an input named like a credential (with_inputs([:api_key, :question])), or whose metadata held such a list, did not load back as it was; Imp.Redaction.redact/1 rewrote an Avatar tool schema's "required" => ["api_key", "query"]; and Imp.Optimizer.Parameter refused input keys ["api_key", "question"]. One divergence from 0.5.0 follows: a flat two-element name-first list that is not itself an element of a list (at the top level, in a tuple, or under a key that is not a credential name), such as ["password", "hunter2"], is not redacted, since it has the shape of a list of two names.

Changed

• Breaking: Imp.Observability.Status has a new state, :succeeded_with_errors, and Imp.Observability.status/1 gives it, where it gave :failed, for every optimizer report whose errors is not empty: an optimizer that returned a report returned a program. Migration: code that matches every Status state adds the new one; code that treated :failed as "the report has errors" matches :succeeded_with_errors.
• Breaking: Imp.collect/3 returns {:ok, prediction} or {:error, reason}, as Imp.call/2 does, instead of a string that joined every output field's value with no separator (question -> reasoning, answer collected as "Because.Paris"). Migration: {:ok, prediction} = Imp.collect(program, inputs), then Imp.get(prediction, :answer).
• Breaking: an Imp.Predict.ReActV2 turn whose last request (made after a step failed or the turn was interrupted) also fails returns {:error, %Imp.Predict.ReActV2.StepError{}}, where it returned {:ok, prediction} with no outputs and termination_reason: :incomplete. :reason is that request's error unchanged: an Imp.LMError, {:lm_failed, client, exception} or {:adapter_format_failed, adapter, exception}, which Imp.Errors.retryable?/1 and context_window_exceeded?/1 read through the struct. retryable?/1 says whether the last model request may be sent again, not the turn: its tools have run. :history is the turn's Imp.History as far as it got, with every tool call that ran and its result; inspecting the error shows the history's size, not the history. A turn whose last request is answered still ends :last_text, :forced_submit or :extracted, and :incomplete is kept for one answered without a valid answer or out of time or context window. Imp.ACP saves the history to its session before failing the turn. Migration: where you checked Imp.Prediction.complete?/1 after a model failure, match {:error, %Imp.Predict.ReActV2.StepError{reason: reason, history: history}} and store history as you store a finished turn's.
• Breaking: an Imp.Predict.ReActV2 step refused by an Imp.OperationalSafetyError (a route, cost, transport, budget or cancellation guard) ends the turn at once with a StepError whose :reason is that error. The turn made its last request instead, and an answer to it passed the guard by. Imp.Evaluate and the optimizers find the guard inside the StepError and raise it. Migration: where you call the program yourself, match {:error, %Imp.Predict.ReActV2.StepError{reason: %Imp.OperationalSafetyError{}}}.
• Breaking: an Imp.react task signature cannot have a field named tools, which is now the step's tool list, and loading a program saved with one raises the same ArgumentError. Migration: rebuild the program with the field renamed and save it; to keep a saved program's optimized instructions and demos, rename the field in the saved file, or optimize again.
• Breaking: Imp.Clients.ReqLLM has a :tool_calling field: whether the model calls tools natively, read from the registry once when the client is built or loaded, and kept with the model it was read for. A client whose model is swapped looks the new model up. A client built by Imp.req_llm/2, or loaded, therefore no longer equals a bare %Imp.Clients.ReqLLM{} for the same model. Likewise %Imp.Predict.ReActV2{} has a :tool_order field, the tools' declared order. Migration: compare clients by model, not by the whole struct.
• Breaking: in Imp.Adapter.Chat, Imp.Adapter.JSON and Imp.Adapter.XML, a reply that answers none of the requested outputs (no [[ ## field ## ]] section, no output key, no output tag) is an Imp.AdapterParseError of kind :missing_fields naming every output, so the JSON fallback or a retry runs. When every output was optional or defaulted, as a ReActV2 step's are, such a reply parsed as defaults and nils, so an XML agent given prose finished with answer: nil. DSPy 3.3.1 fills defaults there; Imp does not. For a signature that names an output in metadata[:text_field], Chat and XML read prose as that field (so a ReActV2 step's prose under XML is its next_thought), and a blank completion, the one exemption, as a step that said nothing. A reply that writes fields in some format (a JSON object with an output's key, a [[ ## field ## ]] line, an output's tag) is not prose: Chat and XML parse it or report it, so a step that spelled out a tool call as JSON runs that tool instead of answering with the JSON text. So a step whose prose quotes its own field names goes to the JSON fallback, which usually costs one more call; beside native tool calls such a thought becomes nil, and the calls still run. A JSON {} for a ReActV2 step is :missing_fields, where it was a step with nil fields. Imp.Predict.ProgramOfThought, whose outputs are all optional, sends prose to the JSON fallback instead of regenerating with a missing-program error. Migration: match %Imp.AdapterParseError{kind: :missing_fields} where you relied on a prediction of defaults, or on ProgramOfThought's :missing_program, for a reply that answered nothing.
• Breaking: Imp.Clients.ReqLLMBatch never sends a request again when it may already have run. A dispatch that timed out, crashed, threw or exited was retried as transient, so one request could run and be billed several times; it is now :ambiguous and final, and a dispatcher may return {:ambiguous, reason} itself. req_llm_dispatcher/2 makes every call with max_retries: 0 (ReqLLM's own retry step could send a request four times in one batch attempt); retries only a request that never reached the provider (connection refused, or no pooled connection free, as Req reports it) or that the provider answered with 408, 425, 429, 503 or 529; treats any other 4xx as terminal; and treats any other 5xx, and a timeout or closed connection with no response, as :ambiguous, where a 5xx was retried. On resume, a checkpoint written by 0.5.0 is rewritten at schema version 2 and its :transient_failure requests become :ambiguous, since 0.5.0 recorded timeouts and dispatcher crashes that way, and a schema_migration event records each. Migration: check an :ambiguous request with the provider before sending it again.
• Breaking: an MCP call the server answers with HTTP 503 or 529 is :refused, like a 429, where it was :unknown: RFC 9110 defines 503 as the server being unable to handle the request, and providers answer overload with 503 or 529. MCP calls and Imp.Clients.ReqLLMBatch read a status the same way. Migration: code that treated a 503 or 529 as possibly run matches :refused for them.
• Breaking: Imp.Datasets.csv/3 parses RFC 4180 CSV with NimbleCSV, a new dependency (nimble_csv ~> 1.3); it raised FunctionClauseError on any quoted field and could not read a quoted line break. A line break may be CRLF, LF or a bare CR, and a leading byte order mark is dropped, where it was read into the first column's name. A blank line is skipped, but a "" line is a row with one empty value, so a file with more than one column refuses it (invalid CSV row at <path>:<line>: expected N fields, got 1). A malformed file raises Imp.Datasets.Error naming the line its record starts on, with that record's first 200 characters as record. Some files 0.5.0 loaded are refused:
  • a quote inside an unquoted field, such as an inch mark (12" pipe,1): invalid CSV at <path>:<line>: a quote opened on this line is never closed, or, when the line holds two (12" by 3" board,1), invalid CSV at <path>:<line>: unexpected escape character " in "...".
  • a space between a comma and a quoted field (x, "y"): invalid CSV at <path>:<line>: unexpected escape character " in "...". Migration: quote the whole field and double the quotes inside it ("12"" pipe",1), or remove the space.
• Breaking: Imp.Example.inputs/1 and labels/1 raise ArgumentError when the example never declared its inputs, as DSPy raises ValueError. They returned every field as inputs, labels included, so a program was given the answer and scored on it. Imp.evaluate/4, Imp.Evaluate.run/2, Imp.Experiment.Data.new/1 and every optimizer that runs a program on examples check each dataset before any model call, and the error names the function, the dataset and the row. To check it, Imp.Evaluate, MIPROv2, Imp.Optimizer.InstructionSearch and Imp.Optimizer.SignatureOptimizer read a lazy dataset once and hold it in memory, so a one-shot stream is no longer found empty on a second pass (every InstructionSearch candidate scored 0.0 on one). Migration: call Imp.with_inputs/2 on every example you evaluate or optimize on.
• Breaking: Imp.Evaluate and Imp.Experiment.Data refuse a row that is a plain map or a field pair list, which cannot declare its inputs; Evaluate turned it into an example whose labels reached the program. Migration: build the row with Imp.example/1 |> Imp.with_inputs(...).
• Breaking: Imp.Example.new/1 and Imp.Prediction.new/2 raise when a field is given twice, as an atom and a string or as a repeated key; one value was silently dropped. Migration: give each field once, under one spelling.
• Breaking: Imp.Signature.new/2 (and Imp.signature/2) applies new instructions to an existing signature; it returned the signature unchanged. Migration: to keep a signature's instructions, pass it without instructions.
• Breaking: a GEPA run that continued past failed proposals reports them, so it reports status: :with_errors where it reported :ok with no errors. Each failure is an entry in report.errors with its iteration, its diagnostics and its candidate_id (the rejected candidate in candidates, or nil when the failure left none there); metadata.failed_proposals counts them. With raise_on_exception: false that is any failure: a reflection call, reflection strategy, evaluation or validation that raised, threw or exited, or an iteration that did. With the default, true, it is the failures GEPA already recorded and went on from: a reflection that returned no usable instruction, a failed reflective dataset in a parallel slot, and a reflection interrupted before a resume. The program returned is still the best candidate found, the baseline when every proposal failed, as DSPy's GEPA returns it. A slot cancelled because a sibling failed first is rejected, not counted as failed. Migration: code that checked status == :ok reads report.errors.
• Breaking: under GEPA's execution_profile: :beam_native with raise_on_exception: false, an iteration that raised is recorded as a rejection with a {:proposal_error, reason} reason, so Stopper.consecutive_outcome/2 counts it as :proposal_error, as the default profile already did, where it counted :none. When evaluating the first two proposals raises and the third solves the task, consecutive_outcome(:proposal_error, 2) now stops after two iterations with the baseline, where the run went on and returned the solving candidate, and consecutive_outcome(:none, 2) no longer stops it after the first. An iteration that threw or exited, which crashed the run, is recorded the same way. Migration: review stoppers built on consecutive_outcome(:none, _) or (:proposal_error, _) for :beam_native runs.
• Imp.Clients.ReqLLM marks context_window_exceeded on more providers' length refusals, streamed or not: Anthropic's "prompt is too long: N tokens

  M maximum" and "input length and max_tokens exceed context limit", Google Gemini's "The input token count (N) exceeds the maximum number of tokens allowed" (including a streamGenerateContent error sent as a JSON array) and Vertex AI's "the input token count is N but model only supports up to M", Mistral's "Prompt contains N tokens, too large for model with M maximum context length", and OpenRouter's error_type: "context_length_exceeded" from an OpenRouter model. Only OpenAI's non-streamed context_length_exceeded was marked, so the others failed the call instead of letting Imp.Predict.ReActV2 leave out older episodes or end the turn :incomplete.

• Imp 0.5.0 cannot read some files this release writes:
  • a trajectory with a map that has an atom key, which GEPA checkpoints, Playbook checkpoints and Imp.dump/1 write through Imp.Optimizer.Trajectory;
  • an optimizer report (Imp.Optimizer.Report.encode_term/1, dump/1) that holds an Imp.History, now written under a "history" tag where it was a plain map;
  • an Imp.Clients.ReqLLMBatch checkpoint, now at schema version 2.
• Imp declares the dependencies whose modules it names, which reached it only through its other dependencies: finch ~> 0.21 (Imp.Clients.ReqLLM matches its error structs) and decimal ~> 2.0 or ~> 3.0 as an optional dependency (Imp.Core reads a reported cost given as a Decimal). It declares plug and plug_cowboy with runtime: false for the demo MCP servers, which the package leaves out: Imp starts neither, and no Imp code that ships uses them. It declares mint ~> 1.8, since it matches Mint's error structs to tell a request that was never sent from one that may have run. Every one of these requirements is one Finch, Req or ExMCP already set (ExMCP requires decimal ~> 3.0), so none moves an application's lock.
• Imp no longer depends on jsv, which nothing in Imp uses. ReqLLM still requires it.

Fixed

• Imp.inspect_history/2 renders any history. A turn holding a term JSON has no encoding for, such as the {:error, {:unknown_tool, name}} result a ReActV2 history keeps for a call to a tool that does not exist, raised Protocol.UndefinedError. Turns render through the conversion Imp.Observability.render_inspection/2 uses: tuples become lists, structs become maps, and pids, references and functions become their inspect/1 text. Redaction runs first, as before.
• A binary that is not valid UTF-8 renders as %{"__imp_type__" => "binary", "bytes" => size}, never as its content or a digest of it; a map key that is not valid UTF-8 takes the same form inside the map's entries. This applies to Imp.inspect_history/2 and Imp.Observability.render_inspection/2, which raised Jason.EncodeError on such a binary, and to Imp.Run.Event.to_map/1 and Imp.Trajectory.to_atif/2, which returned the raw bytes, so encoding their result raised. Output for values without such binaries is unchanged, and a request's tools_hash is identical.
• A call streamed with Imp.stream(program, inputs, provider_stream: true) is recorded in its run like any other model call: a :model_request event with the request's :purpose, and a :model_response event with the usage and cost the provider reported. It recorded neither, so a streamed turn left no model record, no cost and no ATIF model step. A stream/3 that raises before returning a stream is recorded too and returns {:error, {:lm_failed, lm, error}}, as a raising generate/3 does.
• A model turn that says something and calls tools keeps both. Through Imp.req_llm/2 the text was dropped whenever the reply had tool calls, so a ReActV2 step's next_thought was empty; streamed with provider_stream: true, the text was kept but the tool calls were lost, all of them when text arrived and all but the last otherwise. The raw LM output for such a reply is %{text: text, tool_calls: calls} (:text only when it is not blank), unstreamed and streamed. Keeping the text is what DSPy does; the adapter then reads it as it reads a text reply, into next_thought for ReActV2, where DSPy's Chat adapter leaves the field empty. So when a ReActV2 run reaches max_iters and its last reply has text beside tool calls it did not run, that text is now the answer, where the answer was nil; the calls are still listed as unexecuted. The text also appears in history turns and in the ATIF model step.
• An Imp.react step asks for one thing, whichever adapter formats it, as DSPy's does. With an LM that calls tools natively, the tools are sent natively and the prompt (Chat, JSON or XML, their demos and the JSON fallback) no longer also describes tool_calls as a field to write; a model that followed that description wrote a JSON object, which for a signature with one text output became the answer. An LM whose client says it cannot call tools (a ReqLLM model the registry lists without tool calling, Imp.Clients.TRLLM) is sent no tools. Its step has a tools input listing every tool, submit included, in DSPy's words: name, description, and arguments as JSON (the schema's properties, in its order when it is a Jason.OrderedObject and by name otherwise, its required list and its $defs). It writes its calls in tool_calls, whose description shows a call's shape with an example, and its earlier steps are replayed as text, not as tool blocks a provider without declared tools may refuse. The guidance says the same in every format: a text answer goes in next_thought, with tool_calls left empty when the model writes its calls. It no longer asks for plain text beside a structure that asks for fields; a plain-text reply to a Chat step is still read as the answer. A stored turn that carries only the task's answer is replayed as that answer, not as step fields marked "Not supplied", by the adapter itself, so a host :output_renderer is not consulted for it. Imp.LM.Budgeted and BootstrapFewShot's rollout LM answer for the LM they wrap, for tool calling as for reasoning and response-format support.
• Imp.react sends its tool roster in declared order, then submit, and a saved agent keeps that order. It was the order of the tool names' atoms, which can differ between runs of the VM and changed the prompt a provider caches.
• The JSON fallback after an unparseable Chat or XML reply sends the same request in JSON: the program's adapter_opts renderers (:system_renderer, :output_renderer), an agent loop's guidance and the demos go with it. It sent the stock JSON prompt, so a host that shapes its prompt with renderers got a different prompt on every fallback, and an Imp.react step lost its tool guidance. Imp.Adapter.JSON and Imp.Adapter.XML honor :system_renderer, :output_renderer and :guidance whenever they are used, and end a request whose inputs are all in the history with the output requirements as a user message of their own instead of appending them to the last tool result. A renderer receives the formatting adapter's own rendering in its options, as :default_system and, for an :output_renderer that takes the options as a fourth argument, :default_outputs, so one that builds on the default builds on the format of the request. A renderer now shapes the JSON fallback and every JSON or XML request; one that ignores its options sends a Chat-shaped prompt in the fallback.
• The [:imp, :adapter, :parse, :json_fallback] event names the adapter whose reply failed as :adapter (it always said Imp.Adapter.Chat, also for XML) and the adapter that retried as :fallback_adapter.
• Repairing a Python-style completion keeps its text and gives the value DSPy parses: {'answer': 'caf\u00e9'} reads as café, not cafu00e9. Escapes are read the way json_repair, which DSPy runs first, reads them: \t, \n, \r, \b, \\, escaped quotes, \u with four hex digits and \x with two decode, and every other escape (\d, C:\path, \a, \0, \U, \N{…}, a backslash before a newline) keeps its backslash. A \u surrogate pair reads as the character it spells; a lone surrogate, which an Elixir string cannot hold, makes the parse an Imp.AdapterParseError. This reaches the Chat, JSON and XML adapters and GEPA's instruction proposal.
• Before a retry, Imp.Clients.ReqLLMBatch waits for the provider's retry-after (seconds, or an IMF-fixdate, RFC 850 or asctime date) when it sent one, otherwise with exponential backoff and jitter capped by the new :max_retry_wait option (default 60 s). Imp.Clients.ReqLLM keeps retry-after on its errors for this; ReqLLM's own decoding dropped it. A waiting request takes no dispatch slot from the others. When the provider asks for longer than :max_retry_wait, or the wait would pass the Imp.Deadline in force, the request is not retried in that run: it stays :transient_failure, the summary is not complete?, and resume/3 retries it. The checkpoint keeps the time each such request may be sent again (not_before, UTC) and records a retry_stopped event, and resume/3 waits for it under the same rules or stops the retry again without sending. A process that traps exits and is stopped by its parent during the wait exits at once with the parent's reason; a dispatch wave in progress is still waited for, up to :timeout, and a process started with bare spawn has no parent to listen for and sleeps uninterrupted.
• An Avatar tool ends with its caller. Its task kept running after the caller was killed, after Imp.Run.cancel/3 and after the run's owner died. It still runs unlinked, so a crash is an observation, and takes no place in the task pool. It sees the caller's Imp.context/2 settings, run context and deadline, which it did not, and parallel work it starts runs on the caller's place in the pool when the caller has one. A tool that timed out, or whose task exited, reads as :unknown in Imp.Tool.outcome/1 rather than :result, since it may have acted. Inside a run, Avatar records each tool call as :tool_call and :tool_result events with metadata.outcome, and arguments that fail the tool's schema are refused before the tool starts.
• An RLM call made outside a run no longer leaves its model or tool call running, holding a place in the task pool, when the calling process is killed. An RLM call no longer leaves the pool place of one of its own tasks recorded in the calling process, which made parallel work that process started afterwards (Imp.Predict.Parallel.map/3, Imp.Evaluate.run/2) run one item at a time.
• The package ships the TRL worker that Imp.Clients.TRLTrainer starts by default: priv/trl_worker/worker.py, its pyproject.toml and uv.lock, and the default contract. In 0.5.0 the defaults named files the package did not contain, so GRPO training from Hex needed a source checkout. The default contract pins transformers 5.10.1, the version the lockfile installs; it named 5.5.0, which the worker refused at startup.
• Imp.Optimizer.Report.load!/1 and Imp.Optimizer.GRPO.Checkpoint.load!/1 read the "[REDACTED]" atom marker in a VM that has not loaded Imp.Redaction, and a MIPROv2 checkpoint resumes in a fresh VM: its loader loads the modules whose atoms it decodes. They failed with "not an already existing atom".
• Imp.Evaluate.Result.save_as_csv/2 writes with the same CSV module that Imp.Datasets.csv/3 reads with, so what it writes reads back unchanged. The bytes it writes are the same as before.
• A signature field written as nil, true or false keeps that name as text, so "nil: string -> a" saves and loads with a field named "nil". The name became the atom nil, which saved as "". A field given the atom nil, true or false as its name raises ArgumentError.
• An instruction an optimizer sets on Imp.Predict.ProgramOfThought or Imp.Predict.CodeAct reaches the extraction step, which kept the old instructions when GEPA, MIPROv2, COPRO, SIMBA or InferRules set it, and such a program saves and loads: Imp.Saving.load!/1 raised "saved ProgramOfThought planner instructions must match task instructions". Imp.Optimizer.InstructionSearch sets instructions the same way.
• examples/deployment/agent_optimization.exs writes the optimizer's rejections and history with Imp.Optimizer.Report.json_safe/1. It passed them to Jason.encode!/1, which raised on a failure reason such as {:incomplete_evaluation, 1}, so a finished run lost its record.

GEPA

• A GEPA report names real failures only: a row whose program call or metric failed, a row whose metric returned a value Imp.Metrics cannot read, and a proposal error. It treated the metric's feedback as a failure, so a run whose metric returned feedback reported errors, status: :with_errors and candidates named "Program call failed: …" when nothing had failed. A candidate rejected because its proposal failed is named "Proposal failed: …".
• A GEPA report no longer crashes when a metric throws or exits: the failure is shown as {:throw, reason} or {:exit, reason}, where building the report raised Protocol.UndefinedError. Every diagnostic in the report has its credential values redacted.
• GEPA ends the run on an Imp.OperationalSafetyError (a budget, cost, route or transport guard) whatever raise_on_exception says. With raise_on_exception: false, it recorded the refusal as a failed proposal and went on spending.
• GEPA redacts a failure reason when it records it in a rejection, the history or a pending proposal slot. An exception is recorded as {:proposal_exception, "Module.Name", message} (the tag names the stage that failed) and a throw or exit as {:proposal_throw, term} or {:proposal_exit, term}, so a checkpoint holding it reads back in a VM that has not loaded the module that raised; the parallel and sequential paths record the same shape. A checkpoint otherwise holds the resume state as it is (candidates, the evaluation cache, proposed instructions and reflection data), so a :checkpoint_fn consumer treats it as sensitive.
• GEPA with raise_on_exception: false no longer records an exit that asks the process running it to stop (:normal, :shutdown, {:shutdown, _}, :kill) as a failed proposal when a module selector, a reflection strategy, or the adapter's evaluation or reflective dataset raises it in that process: the exit goes on up, as it must from a process that traps exits and turns its owner's shutdown into an exit.
• Imp.Optimizer.Trajectory.dump/1 and load!/1 round-trip a trajectory: a map with an atom key is written as its entries, each key tagged as an atom, so a prediction's metadata, a trace step (%{predictor: :main}) and metric metadata such as Optimize Anything's objective_scores load with the keys they had. Every map key was written as a string, so a trajectory whose prediction had metadata failed to load (Imp.Prediction.new/2: invalid map in :metadata … got: "trace"), and resuming GEPA from a checkpoint whose pending proposal batch held a result from an Imp.predict program raised that error. Loading never creates an atom: a key written as an atom the loading VM does not have loads as its name, a string. A prediction's string metadata keys become their atoms when those exist, so Imp.Prediction.get_lm_usage/1, complete?/1 and readers of :trace find them. A map that holds a key as both an atom and a string is refused on load, as on dump. A trajectory written by 0.5.0 still loads, including one whose prediction has metadata; its other map keys load as the strings they were written as.
• GEPA checkpoints an agent. A trajectory, and the report codec GEPA uses for a pending batch's reflective dataset and a result's outputs, write an Imp.History with Imp.History.dump/1 and read it with Imp.History.load!/1; the trajectory codec also carries Imp.Adapter.Types.ToolCalls and ToolCallResults. The first checkpoint that held an Imp.react program's trajectories raised Trajectory.DecodeError: trajectory contains an unsupported struct: Imp.History, under either profile.
• A GEPA checkpoint resumes in a fresh VM: the loader loads the GEPA modules whose atoms a checkpoint holds before decoding it. Imp.Optimizer.GEPA.compile_with_report/5 given a checkpoint in a VM that had not yet run GEPA raised not an already existing atom on names like :cache_hits and :no_strict_improvement.
• The checkpoint GEPA writes after a sequential reflection holds the proposed candidate, as the parallel path's does, so a resume from it, or from a checkpoint taken while that candidate was being evaluated, evaluates that candidate on the same minibatch. It held no proposal, so the resume started the iteration over on the next minibatch and asked for a new reflection.
• Under :proposal_concurrency above 1, GEPA evaluates a proposed candidate on its minibatch without capturing traces, as the sequential path and DSPy's GEPA do: the metric is called without a trace, an :acceptance_policy sees after.trajectories == %{}, and the child's on_evaluation_end carries no trajectories.
• Imp.Optimizer.GEPA.compile_with_report/5 no longer raises KeyError when it resumes from a checkpoint taken during a full validation; the interrupted validation's rejected candidate is in the report.

Documentation

• The install instructions ask for a C and a C++ compiler: jaxon builds native code from C and erlexec from C++. They asked for a C++ compiler only. They also say the first compile needs network access, for erlexec's rebar3 plugins.
• The package's Changelog link opens the changelog on HexDocs, and the 0.4.0 entry links the benchmark pages as they were at v0.4.0, not on main.
• Each Livebook's setup cell only installs Imp: from Hex, or from the checkout IMP_PATH names. It no longer searches for a source checkout.
• The MCP example on the Tools and agents page defines its server and its imported tools, where it used an undefined imported, and closes the server when the call fails.

0.5.0 — 2026-09-26

Security

• An LM client, the HTTP, Databricks and Weaviate retrievers and the MLflow and W&B trackers print with their credentials redacted, and so does a program holding one. Imp.req_llm(model, api_key: key) printed the key in IEx, in log lines and in crash reports, and a RAG program printed its retriever's bearer token. Refusing to save a retriever that is not portable names its module instead of printing it.
• A client, retriever or tracker prints every header value as [REDACTED], whatever the header is called (X-Subscription-Token, Cookie), and the query, fragment and user info of every URL, given as a string or a %URI{}. A saved program holds no header at all, so an LM with custom headers has to be rebound after loading, and Imp.save! refuses an LM whose base_url has a query, fragment or user info. Option errors, including those for the options passed to a call, name a credential-bearing option without printing its value. The ExMCP client's state, which a crash report prints, is redacted the same way. Before, a header was hidden only when its name looked like a credential, and Imp.save! wrote other headers' values to disk.
• RLM controller code cannot make a struct. A map literal that named __struct__ was dispatched by every protocol as that struct: a map shaped like a File.Stream sent Enum.join into the Enumerable implementation for File.Stream, which read the named file. A map literal, submit/1 and the result of a library call may no longer carry the key, and a library call takes no struct but a range or MapSet and no Elixir module named as a value. A module is not a value at all (m = File fails with {:module_value_not_allowed, "File"}); a sorter is :asc, :desc or a function, since an Erlang module given as a sorter had its compare/2 called, and Map.from_struct/1 takes no module; and a library call that hands back a function it was given (Map.get(m, k, f)) fails the turn instead of leaving a native closure in a variable.

Installing

• Imp is a Hex package: {:imp, "~> 0.5"}. Every dependency comes from Hex, including ExMCP (~> 1.5, unpatched); the deepfates/ex_mcp Git fork, the bundled vendor/ex_mcp path and the EX_MCP_PATH override are gone.
• What 0.4.0 got from the fork now lives in Imp: stdio MCP servers in their own process group, a PATH without the release's own directories, and the HTTP options public servers need (no Origin header, a written / path kept, one retry with the standard initialize after a non-401 4xx on the era probe). What an upgrader meets:
  • erlexec is a direct dependency. It builds a C++ port program, and an OTP release that uses Imp.MCP or Imp.ACP lists applications: [ex_mcp: :load, erlexec: :load].
  • Imp sets SHELL=/bin/sh in a VM started without SHELL, because erlexec's port program does not start without it.
  • Closing a stdio connection, or the death of the process that owns it, sends the server's group SIGTERM and SIGKILL one second later; 0.4.0 stopped the group without a SIGTERM a server could handle.
  • When a stdio server exits on its own, what is left of its group gets SIGKILL half a second later.
  • Trust for an authorized remote server is VM-wide: while a connection to it is open, its exact origin is in ExMCP's trusted_origins, so any ExMCP client in the VM may send credentials to that origin. In 0.4.0 the trust belonged to the one connection. The origin is removed when the last connection to it closes, and origins the host configured are left alone.

MCP

• An MCP tool call that got no answer from its tool returns {:error, %Imp.MCP.CallFailure{}} instead of {:mcp_tool_call_failed, server, reason} or {:mcp_connection_unavailable, server, reason}. Its outcome says whether the call was refused before anything ran, its credential was refused (an HTTP 401 or a failed OAuth flow), it was never sent, or it was sent with no trustworthy answer (:refused, :auth_refused, :not_sent, :unknown); reason keeps ExMCP's error unchanged, and an exit is kept as {:exit, reason}.
• Imp.Tool.outcome/1 gives the outcome of a tool call's value: :result when the tool answered, MCP error results included, unless the error result declares structuredContent.outcome as "refused", "auth_refused" or "unknown", which it then is (a server marks a write that may have been applied "unknown"). A value alone never reads as :refused, because a tool can return any term: ReActV2 and RLM decide a refusal where they refuse the call (an unknown tool, a malformed call, arguments that fail the schema, a tool policy, a host's authorization, submit outputs that do not fit) and record every call's outcome on its :tool_result event as metadata.outcome. Imp.Tool.outcomes/0 lists the five.
• A failed tool call reaches the model as plain text instead of an Elixir term. An MCP error result is the text of its content, the tool's own words, after Error: unless the text already begins with "error"; a JSON-RPC error is the server's message; a call that got no answer says why in one sentence, and unless the request was never sent, that it may have been carried out (a timeout, a closed or failed connection, a broken stream, a server that stopped waiting for its tool or a tool that crashed). An unknown tool, missing or invalid arguments, a denied tool and a tool that exits or throws are sentences too; a tool that exits may have been carried out. Imp.Adapter.Chat.format_tool_result/1 renders these, Imp.Adapter.Chat.tool_error_text/1 gives the words without Error:, and Imp.MCP.failure_text/1 gives the MCP ones. The recorded error term is unchanged. Imp.Predict.ReAct's :dspy observations use the same words after Execution error in <tool>:, where they showed inspect/1 of the reason.
• Imp.MCP.connect/2 takes pool_size: (1 by default): that many connections are opened to each http or sse server, and each tool call borrows an idle one for the length of the call, so up to pool_size calls to one server run at once. One ExMCP client sends one HTTP request at a time, so without it a quick call waits behind a slow one to the same server. A call that finds every connection busy until its :timeout fails as :not_sent (reason: :no_idle_connection), and a call on a closed HTTP import fails as :not_sent with reason: :not_connected rather than a process exit. A stdio server keeps one connection whatever pool_size says: ExMCP already sends it several calls at once, and another connection would be another server process. The extra connections are dialed at once, so a server costs the import at most about three :timeouts. A connection whose call timed out, or whose caller died during the call, is replaced in the background rather than lent again while ExMCP still waits on that request, and is closed once that request is done, so the server finishes what it was doing; a replacement that cannot be dialed leaves the server a connection fewer.
• A call to an HTTP MCP server that asks for progress (call_meta with a progressToken) no longer loses its server-side work when the caller's :timeout passes. ExMCP ended such a request's stream a second after the call's timeout, and its server ended the tool with it: a 3 s write under a 300 ms timeout never finished. The caller is answered at its :timeout, :unknown with reason: :timeout, and the request runs on to the connection's limit. :call_meta is still called in the process that makes the call.
• An HTTP MCP call can take as long as the import's :timeout allows. ExMCP ended every HTTP request at its own 30 s default whatever :timeout said, so a call to a tool that takes 33 s failed at about 30 s under timeout: 45_000. ExMCP's request_timeout is now the import's :timeout, and never less than 30 s.
• "type" => "sse" now means MCP's deprecated HTTP+SSE transport (2024-11-05): the descriptor's "url" is the event stream's (https://host/sse), and requests go to the URL the server names on it. Before, sse was Streamable HTTP with a standing GET stream, so a server that speaks only the old transport answered its first request with 405. It works with servers that name the session sessionId (the TypeScript SDK's, ExMCP's), not with the Python SDK's SSE servers (session_id): their dial fails with :sse_endpoint_without_session_id and a message saying to use "http". A server that speaks Streamable HTTP is reached as "http". An sse descriptor with "headers" or "auth" is refused (:mcp_sse_credentials_refused): the server names where requests go, and its credentials would go there whatever origin it named. Under on_failure: :drop only that server is left out, with a warning, and so is an sse URL with a query string (:mcp_sse_url_refused), which ExMCP would dial without it. An sse connection whose event stream ends (ExMCP ends it after a stretch with nothing on it, and does not reopen it) is replaced, rather than kept and lent; the stretch is at least 60 s and longer than a request can take.
• A caller of Imp.MCP.connect/2 that dies while its import is connecting no longer leaves the connections already made open. They close with the import's :owner, which is the caller unless another process was named.
• Imp.MCP.OAuth.begin/3 runs its own browser flow on ExMCP's public OAuth functions. Its :flow option is replaced by :client_registration (:auto, {:pre_registered, client_id, client_secret} or {:cimd, url}); a pre-registered client also names its :client_issuer, and the flow refuses to begin when the server names a different authorization server. A server with neither protected-resource nor authorization-server metadata is refused rather than given guessed /authorize and /token endpoints.
• A tool's name keeps the type it was given. Imp.Tool.new/4 no longer turns a string into an atom that happens to exist, and tools imported from an MCP server are always named by the server's string. Lookups (resolve_name/2, tool policies) already compare names by text; code that matched an imported tool's name against an atom matches the string now.
• Imp.ACP.start_link/1, Imp.ACP.run/1 and Imp.ACP.Local.start_link/1 raise ArgumentError for an option they do not know, before anything starts; Imp.ACP.Local checks its :agent_options before it listens. In 0.4.0 a key Imp did not know went to ExMCP, which handed it to the transport, so a misspelled :permission_policy or :session_store was silently ignored. The options are declared once and Imp.ACP.start_link/1 documents them. A transport's own options go in :transport_options (Imp.ACP.Local passes its socket there), and :capabilities is no longer accepted beside :agent_capabilities.

Runs

• A run no longer outlives its control process, and a cancellation that never returns no longer holds a run. When the control ends (its event sink's process died, or Imp.Run.stop/1 was called while the run was still going), every cancellation registered by work in flight (an authorization decision being waited on, an RLM budget, an ACP terminal command) is called with {:run_control_ended, reason}, and then the task is killed; its monitor reports :killed. In 0.4.0 the task ran on until its next event and those effects were never cancelled. Imp.Run.cancel/3 and cancel_with_events/3 give the registered cancellations the cancel's timeout (5 s by default) and then end the task; the control ending, its owner going down, and work registered after a cancel give them 5 s. The cancellations are called at once, each in its own process, and one still running at the end of that time is abandoned. In 0.4.0 they were called one after another inside the control, so one that never returned held the run and made the cancel exit after 30 s. Imp.Run.cancel/2 on a run whose control has already ended still exits (:noproc).
• Imp.Run.start/3 takes admission: {pool, limit}: the run holds a place in the host's named pool instead of the machine-wide :async_max_workers pool, at most limit runs hold places in that pool at once, and a full pool returns {:error, :busy} without waiting. Runs started without it wait for the machine-wide pool as before.
• An Imp.Deadline reaches the work Imp starts in other processes. Every Imp.Tasks task, and so Imp.parallel/3, Imp.best_of_n/3 attempts and Imp.Run, runs under the deadline of the process that started it, so requests made through Imp.Clients.ReqLLM inside are cut to the time left. In 0.4.0 only a model call made in the process that bound the deadline was cut; the same call through Imp.parallel/3 or a run kept its full receive timeout. Imp.Run.start/3 takes deadline: (milliseconds, :infinity or {:deadline, absolute}), capped by the caller's own, and returns {:error, :deadline_exceeded} without starting the run when the deadline passed while it waited for a place in the pool. A deadline does not bound that wait.
• An Imp.Run event sink that raises, throws or exits is no longer ignored. The run's owner is sent {:imp_run_event_sink_failed, run_id, %{sequence: _, kind: _, reason: _}}, and delivery goes on with the next event. Stopping or cancelling a run reports the event the sink was holding the same way (reason: :in_sink_when_stopped, since it may have been stored), and each event after it, which the sink never received, as {:imp_run_event_undelivered, run_id, %{sequence: _, kind: _}}. Run owners receive these messages where they received nothing before; an owner with a strict handle_info/2 needs clauses for them.
• Imp.Run.start/3 raises ArgumentError for an option it does not know. In 0.4.0 it ignored one, so a misspelled :authorize started a run whose tool calls nobody was asked about. Its options are declared once, and its documentation lists them; an invalid capture bound now raises from start/3 instead of returning {:error, {%ArgumentError{}, stacktrace}}.
• Imp.Run.Event.kinds/0 lists every event kind Imp emits. ReActV2 no longer emits a :final event: it carried the same prediction as the :run_finished event after it. A host may still emit kinds of its own with Imp.Run.emit/2.
• Imp.Trajectory.to_atif/2 names the event that ended the run extra.terminal_event (it was extra.outcome), and a tool result's extra.outcome is the Imp.Tool.outcome/1 its loop recorded ("result", "refused", "auth_refused", "not_sent", "unknown") rather than "returned" or "error" read from whether the event carried an error. A stored event whose kind Imp does not know keeps its kind string instead of becoming :other.

ReActV2, adapters and models

• Prompts name types in plain words instead of Python annotations, in every adapter and in ReAct: `team` (one of: atlas, harbor, beacon, quill) where 0.4.0 wrote `team` (Literal['atlas', 'harbor', 'beacon', 'quill']), and "string", "integer", "number", "true or false", "list of strings", "object", "code in python" for str, int, float, bool, list[str], dict[str, Any] and Code_python. "(must be formatted as a valid Python int)" is "(must be formatted as an integer)", and ReAct's :dspy mode lists tool arguments as JSON. Fields, order, constraints and parsing are unchanged. A saved program's prompt text changes with this, so an optimized program may be worth re-evaluating.
• Values in prompts take their JSON spelling: null, true and false where 0.4.0 wrote None, True and False, in inputs, demos, ReAct observations and field constraints. The structured-output schema sent to a provider is named outputs (title Outputs) instead of DSPyProgramOutputs. The MIPROv2 proposer's dataset summary shows each example as {"inputs": {...}, "outputs": {...}} instead of Example({...}) (input_keys={...}). GEPA's reflective dataset and SIMBA's program listing use the same words, so an enum shows its allowed values.
• A non-string answer for a string field is kept as its JSON text ("true", "[\"x\", \"y\"]") where 0.4.0 gave Python's "True" and "['x', 'y']"; a null is no value, so a required field reports it missing and an optional one is nil, where 0.4.0 gave the string "None".
• A null answer for any output field with a declared default takes the default, as an omitted one does; 0.4.0 kept the null and failed "is required". A present non-null value, "" and [] included, still wins over the default.
• InferRules shows the rule model each example's values as JSON text (null, {"k": 1}, 1500000.0) instead of Elixir's inspect output, and a Jason.OrderedObject (a ReAct observation, for one) renders as JSON in its own order instead of as the struct.
• Each ReActV2 step lists the task's output fields with their types and descriptions ("The outputs to produce are: ..."). Before, a model saw an output's description only inside submit's parameter schema.
• Imp.Adapter.SingleField names an untyped input's type (- ticket (string)), where it wrote empty parentheses.
• The names follow the glossary: a step answered in text ends as :answered, the last request of an interrupted turn as :last_text with last_request_note, the step signature declares metadata[:text_field], and the tool list sent to a provider is the :tools_sent event.
• A ReActV2 or ReAct prediction's fields are the signature's outputs and nothing else. history, termination_reason, termination_cause, termination_error, finished_by_tool, unexecuted_tool_calls and context_projection are in prediction.metadata; in 0.4.0 they were fields, so an output named history collided with the loop's own. Read prediction.metadata.history where Imp.get(prediction, :history) was read.
• termination_reason says only how the turn ended: :answered, :submit, :finished_by_tool, :last_text, :forced_submit, :extracted (the tools-disabled extractor wrote the outputs; it was :forced_submit with completion_mode: :typed_extraction, and completion_mode is gone), or :incomplete (no answer; it was the failure itself, such as :max_iters or :context_window_exceeded). termination_cause is set whenever the turn was interrupted, including a forced submit that answered, where 0.4.0 left it out: the interruption that led to the last request. An :incomplete turn names the same interruption, unless its context window was full or its Imp.Deadline had passed, which are named instead, so a turn that hit max_iters and then ran out of time is :deadline_exceeded. Imp.Predict.ReAct follows the same rule: :dspy mode's extraction after max_iters, a parse failure or an empty step is :extracted with that cause, spelled :parse_error (it was :parse_failure), and :provider_native mode's :direct is :answered with termination_cause: :empty_tool_calls. Imp.Prediction.complete?/1 is false exactly for :incomplete, and Imp.Observability reads it.
• ReActV2 offers submit only to a signature that needs it. A task signature with exactly one output of type :string and no constraints gets no submit tool: a step that comes back as text with no tool call is the answer, in that one request, with termination_reason: :answered, which is how Anthropic's tool runner, the OpenAI Agents SDK, LangGraph's ReAct and Pydantic AI end a turn. Its history event carries the output, as a submit's does, and the answer is not also emitted as a :reasoning event. A signature with several outputs, one non-text output, or one constrained text output (an enum, a pattern, an answer shape) keeps DSPy's submit unchanged, so the allowed values reach the model in its schema; a step of such a signature that writes text instead of calling submit is the :empty_tool_calls interruption, and a turn that ends without a valid submit is :incomplete.
• A step of a one-text-output signature that calls nothing and says nothing is an empty answer: the turn ends there with termination_reason: :answered and no further request, because saying nothing is how a model declines to answer.
• An interrupted turn of a one-text-output signature (the step limit, a failed request) makes one more request with the same tools as every step and tool_choice: "auto", and its text is the answer, with termination_reason: :last_text and termination_cause naming the interruption (:max_iters, :prediction_error, :parse_error). A completion that says nothing is an empty answer rather than an error. A tool call the model makes on that request anyway is not run; the text is the answer and the calls are listed in unexecuted_tool_calls. If the process's Imp.Deadline has already passed, no request is made and the turn ends :incomplete with termination_cause: :deadline_exceeded.
• last_request_note, a string, puts one line of host text in front of the last request of an interrupted turn, the text-only request or the forced submit, as a user message, keeps it in the returned history, and is saved with the program. Imp writes no sentence of its own.
• ReActV2 gains finish_on, a map from tool name to fn arguments, result, inputs -> {:finish, outputs} | :continue end. A tool named there ends the turn with the outputs the function returns, which are validated against the signature exactly as a submit's are, with termination_reason: :finished_by_tool and finished_by_tool (in the prediction's metadata) naming the tool. This is the shape Pydantic AI calls an output tool: one call both does the work and carries the answer. :continue leaves the loop running. When a step calls several terminal tools, the first in call order finishes the run and the rest still execute and are recorded; a submit in the same step still wins. The functions persist by registry name, like a tool runner.
• A ReActV2 step answered in plain text with no tool call is now a thought that called nothing, not a parse failure. It used to fail the chat parse and re-ask the whole prompt through Imp.Adapter.JSON, which doubled the cost of the step and broke the provider's prefix cache; the text is now next_thought and tool_calls is empty, which is what the turn-ending rule above then reads. The text is recorded as that turn's thought in the history and shown back to the model as a plain assistant turn in any next request. Imp.Adapter.Chat reads a marker-free completion this way only for a signature that declares metadata[:text_field]; every other signature parses exactly as before, JSON fallback included.
• ReActV2 preserves provider-native reasoning text and opaque reasoning details across tool calls and saved-history reloads. ReqLLM receives the original continuation data, including provider extension fields and signatures, instead of losing it while rebuilding assistant messages. Operational history must be stored privately; run events and explicit diagnostic redaction still redact credential-shaped values.
• A :model_request event now records the whole request, not only its messages. Its metadata carries :options, the request options with the tool definitions removed, and :tools_hash, a SHA-256 of the canonical JSON of those definitions or nil when the request offered none. The definitions themselves are emitted once per run per distinct hash, as a new :tools_sent event whose input is the tool list as sent. A recorded run can now be reproduced call for call, without repeating an unchanging roster on every one. Both payloads are redacted like every other event.
• Imp.LM.generate/3 takes purpose:, a name for what kind of call this is. It is recorded on the :model_request event's metadata as :purpose and is never sent to the provider, so a caller that makes more than one kind of model call can tell them apart on the record.
• The chat adapter's format options gain the :history_note_renderer seam, fn signature, turn -> nil | String.t(). It is consulted for every stored history turn, native tool turns included, after that turn's own messages, and its text becomes one user message immediately behind them. Before it, a host had no way to say anything about a turn that carried tool calls: those turns route through the native replay path, which consults neither :output_renderer nor :input_section_renderer. A note is data about the turn — the answer was never delivered, the account's allowance ran out — so the model reads it as the next thing after the turn, and the record the loop keeps is untouched.
• A signature field's description now reaches the provider in the JSON schema Imp builds for it (Imp.Schema.json_schema/1), so ReActV2's submit tool declares each output field's own words about itself in its parameter schema. A field without a description still emits no description key. This is the only place a field description reaches a host that replaces the chat adapter's rendered system section.
• Imp.Adapter.Types.ToolCall.from_map/1 accepts tool as a spelling of the tool name, beside name and recipient_name (the arguments already accepted arguments, args and parameters). %{"tool" => ..., "arguments" => ...} is what a model emits when it writes a tool call as JSON instead of calling natively, and Imp.Predict.ReActV2 now executes such a call instead of recording a malformed-call observation and spending another iteration on it.
• Imp.Clients.ReqLLM returns a response whose body carries a provider error as a failed request (Imp.LMError, below). OpenRouter relays an upstream provider's refusal as a successful HTTP response with an error object and no choices, which ReqLLM decodes to an empty message; read as a completion, a refused request was a model that said nothing.
• Imp.Predict.ReActV2.new/3 documents its options.
• Imp.predict/2, Imp.chain_of_thought/2 and Imp.configure/1 raise ArgumentError for an option or setting they do not know, and document the ones they take. In 0.4.0 Imp.predict(sig, temperature: 0) built a program that ignored the temperature; a request option given at the top level (such as :temperature, :max_tokens or :n) is now refused with a message that says to put it under config:. Settings of a caller's own, such as a request id, go through Imp.context/2. Both check Imp's own settings the same way, so :track_usage and :warn_on_type_mismatch must now be booleans. ReAct, ReActV2, Avatar, CodeAct, ProgramOfThought, MultiChainComparison and Imp.Optimizer.Avatar give the same config: message.
• :max_errors and :retriever are no longer settings. Nothing read :retriever; give a retriever to the program (Imp.rag/3). :max_errors was read only by BootstrapFewShot, RandomSearch and COPRO, as the fallback for their own :max_errors; given none, they now use 10, the setting's old default, and their reports say max_errors_source: :default where they said :settings or :teacher_settings. Imp.configure/1, Imp.context/2 and an optimizer's :teacher_settings refuse either key with a message naming where it belongs.
• ReActV2's submit and a finish_on callback's outputs find a field by the text of its name. A string signature keeps a field name as a string when its atom did not exist yet, so outputs keyed by that atom were never found and the turn ended :incomplete with missing_output_fields.
• RLM controller code may call every function of Enum, Keyword, List, Map and String except String.to_atom, List.to_atom, String.splitter, Enum.random, Enum.shuffle and Enum.take_random, and may pass them anonymous functions and captures, which the interpreter runs under the cell's step and value budgets. Registered tools, llm_query and submit stay outside such functions; a function's patterns may pin a variable (fn ^target -> ... end). Without a module, the Kernel data functions elem/2, to_string/1, the is_* type checks, length/1, map_size/1, tuple_size/1, byte_size/1, abs/1, round/1, trunc/1, div/2, rem/2, max/2 and min/2 are available. Other calls return {:function_not_allowed, ...}. Assignment takes the same patterns as a function clause ({a, b} = pair, [first | rest] = lines), [x | acc] builds a list, and a for generator takes a pattern and a map (for {key, n} <- counts) and the into: and uniq: options. into: and uniq: were ignored, and reduce: is refused with {:unsupported_for_option, :reduce, ...}. A function held in a variable or written in place can be called directly (f.(x), (fn x -> ... end).(x)), under the same rules as one a library call runs.
• RLM controller code that calls a value that is not a function (g = 1; g.(1)) fails that turn with {:not_a_function, "g", 1}, which the controller reads and repairs. It ended the whole call with {:module_call_failed, Imp.Predict.RLM, ...} whenever the variable's name was not already an atom. An unexpected error inside the interpreter now fails the turn the same way, as {:interpreter_error, message}.
• The RLM controller prompt names one reply shape, {"reasoning", "code"}, for every turn including the last, which calls submit/1 from code. It also offered a bare JSON object of the outputs as a final answer, which a text reply never in fact got. The controller's first reply almost always failed to parse: gpt-5.4 sends several JSON objects in one reply (its action twice, or several actions written ahead of their outputs). Such a reply now runs the first object that carries code, as a REPL would.
• max_preview_chars bounds every RLM variable preview in characters. A list was previewed as its first max_preview_chars items, so after lines = String.split(log, "\n") on a 20,000-line log the controller's turn message grew from 2,351 to 89,312 bytes. A list, map, tuple or other term is now previewed as the first max_preview_chars characters of its printed form, with length or size beside it, as upstream previews str(value); a map's preview shows its values, not only its keys. A variable holding a tuple, which could not be encoded into the turn message and ended the call, is previewed the same way, and so is an integer too long for the preview.
• RLM max_recursion_depth is one rule: the number of levels of child RLMs below the root. recurse/2 already allowed a child at depth max_recursion_depth, but rlm_query* started one only below it, so the default of 1 gave recurse/2 a child and rlm_query none. Both now allow one level by default; max_recursion_depth: 0 makes rlm_query* a one-shot sub-LM query, as the standalone runtime's max_depth=1 does.

Signatures

• Numeric bounds are minimum and maximum, JSON Schema's names, in validation, in the JSON schema and in the rendered prompt, and a validation error's rule is :minimum or :maximum. min and max raise an ArgumentError naming the key to use; before, the documented minimum/maximum were ignored. Pydantic's ge and le still mean the same bounds.
• Constraint keys are read by one normalizer for validation, the JSON schema and the rendered prompt, so "min_length"/"max_length" given as strings now constrain validation and the schema too, as they already did the prompt.
• An enum constraint with atom members raises ArgumentError when the field is built, showing the string members to write instead. An answer arrives as text and a signature saves as JSON, so enum: [:atlas] failed every parse ("must be one of [:atlas, :harbor]"), and returning the atom would have made a program answer differently after Imp.save!/Imp.read!.
• A signature refuses a repeated field name, on one side or across the arrow, and names it: the string form raises a signature parse error, the map form and Imp.Signature.extend/3 raise ArgumentError, and :a and "a" are the same name. Before, only a name on both sides of the arrow raised, and "q -> a, a" built two fields called a.
• json_retries: n makes up to n retries of a parse failure, each the original request plus the latest failure's message, and stops at the first reply that parses. Before, any n above 0 made one.
• An arity-3 metric receives nil as its trace from Imp.evaluate/4 and the optimizers' validation scoring, and the program's trace while an optimizer bootstraps demos, as DSPy's trace=None has it. Before, evaluation passed the trace too, so a ported metric that scores continuously when evaluated and passes or fails when compiling gave its compile-time answer.
• Imp.read!/2 and Imp.load!/2 load a saved program in a VM that never created the atoms it names: a demo's field names, a RAG program's query_field and context_field, a memory retriever's document keys, tool names and tool policies, and any atom tag in saved metadata load as strings when the atom does not exist, and no atom is created. Imp.Example, Imp.Prediction and the tool index look them up by text; a caller reading saved metadata directly may find metadata["my_flag"] where it expected metadata[:my_flag], which is nil in a VM where :my_flag does not exist yet. It raised ArgumentError ("not an already existing atom"), so a router saved by one process failed to load in a fresh one.

Errors and shapes

Every change here is breaking for code that matches on the old shape.

• A failed request from Imp.Clients.ReqLLM is {:error, %Imp.LMError{}}, whatever failed: an HTTP error status, an error relayed inside a successful response, a connection that failed, or an exception raised inside ReqLLM, or a response or stream of a shape ReqLLM never returns. It carries status, retryable and context_window_exceeded, with ReqLLM's own error unchanged under reason. retryable is true for a 408, 425, 429 or 5xx status, for a request that never reached the provider (connection refused, no free pooled connection, closed or timed out before sending), for any other status whose ReqLLM error says retryable: true, and for a timeout while waiting for the answer or a stream that failed after it started; those last two may have run and been billed, and a retried stream repeats chunks the caller already has. A 409 is never retryable. In 0.4.0 these reached the caller as ReqLLM's structs, as {:req_llm_generate_failed, text}, {:req_llm_stream_failed, text}, {:invalid_req_llm_response, text} or {:invalid_req_llm_stream, text}, or, for a context-length refusal, as Imp.ContextWindowExceededError, which is gone. An option the client refuses raises ArgumentError before the request, as every other option error does.
• Imp.Errors.retryable?/1 reads Imp.LMError's retryable, and the new Imp.Errors.context_window_exceeded?/1 its context_window_exceeded, each through {:error, _} and {:lm_failed, _, _}. In 0.4.0 retryable?/1 was true only for an Imp.LMError that nothing built.
• An LM client that raises is {:lm_failed, client, exception} with the exception struct, and one that throws or exits is {:lm_failed, client, {kind, value}}. In 0.4.0 both were the message text. The same holds for {:module_call_failed, module, reason} from Imp.call/2, {:retriever_failed, _, reason}, {:tool_error, tool, reason}, {:tool_policy_error, tool, reason}, {:parallel_program_failed, reason}, {:ensemble_program_failed, reason}, {:optimizer_failed, optimizer, reason} and {:optimizer_capabilities_failed, optimizer, reason}, the MCP import's :mcp_connection_failed and :mcp_tool_import_failed, and Imp.ACP's :program_factory_failed, :input_mapper_failed, :output_renderer_failed, :before_turn_failed, :permission_policy_failed and :host_request_failed, and for {:http_transport_failed, transport, reason} from Imp.HTTP (and so the training clients' :training_transport_failed, :training_refresh_failed and :training_cancel_failed, and Imp.Retrievers.HTTP's {:transport, reason}), {:embedding_provider_failed, provider, reason} from Imp.Embeddings, and Imp.Predict's {:adapter_format_failed, adapter, reason} and {:adapter_lm_opts_failed, adapter, reason}, and {:program_runtime_error, reason} from Imp.Predict.ProgramOfThought and Imp.Predict.CodeAct, whose model still reads the exception's message. Several of these carried text on one path and a term on another.
• A completion that cannot be read as the outputs is always %Imp.AdapterParseError{}, with a kind: :malformed, :missing_fields (reason is the missing names), :invalid_fields, :unsupported_output or :other; kind is required. In 0.4.0 an adapter could return the struct, {:missing_output_fields, names} or {:unsupported_lm_output, raw}, and Imp.Adapter.TwoStep {:two_step_extraction_failed, reason, completion}. Imp.Predict.ReAct's final outputs follow the same rule: in 0.4.0 a missing output was {:missing_output_fields, names} and one of the wrong type an %Imp.AdapterParseError{} with no kind.
• Imp.Predict returns that struct, with trace (the redacted messages, the raw completion, and which output fields were read) and, for n > 1, completion_index. In 0.4.0 it returned %{reason: {:error, reason}, trace: trace}, and an n > 1 failure {:completion_parse_failed, index, reason} inside it. Because of that map, a ReActV2 step that could not be parsed was recorded as termination_cause: :prediction_error; it is now :parse_error.
• When the chat or XML adapter's JSON fallback makes its request and that request fails, Imp.Predict returns the LM's error. In 0.4.0 it returned the original parse failure with the LM error inside it. Imp.Adapter.TwoStep's extraction request does the same: when it fails, the call returns that Imp.LMError (or {:lm_failed, _, _}), so a 429 from the extraction model reads as retryable. In 0.4.0 it was {:two_step_extraction_failed, reason, completion}.
• A failure reason that holds a pid, port or reference, such as a GenServer.call timeout, is written to JSON (optimizer checkpoints and reports, Imp.History.dump/1) as its inspected text. Before, the write raised Protocol.UndefinedError.
• Imp.Predict.Refine and Imp.Predict.Assertions return {:error, reason} like every Imp.Module: :no_attempts with n: 0 (max_attempts: 0 for Assertions), {:refine_fail_count_exceeded, reason}, or the last attempt's reason. In 0.4.0 they returned {:error, reason, history}, which Imp.call/2 reported as {:invalid_module_result, module, text}.
• A tool a tool policy does not allow is {:tool_denied, tool, :tool_policy}, and a tool a run's :authorize callback refuses is {:tool_denied, tool, reason} with the callback's reason. In 0.4.0 they were {:tool_denied, tool} and {:tool_authorization_denied, tool, reason}.
• MCP import refusals: a tool named after one in :reserved_tool_names is {:mcp_tool_name_reserved, tool, servers} (it shared :mcp_tool_name_collision with two servers offering one name); an unauthorized descriptor is {:mcp_server_not_authorized, server, answer}, where answer is what :authorize returned or :not_trusted; a descriptor that cannot be addressed is {:invalid_mcp_server, index, %ArgumentError{}} (it was :mcp_connection_failed with the message and no name); and a server left out under on_failure: :drop carries the same reason term the import would have refused with, where 0.4.0 shortened its detail to text.
• Imp.HTTP.request/6 and Imp.Retrievers.HTTP refuse a method they cannot send as {:http_method_not_supported, refuser, method}; one of them said {:unsupported_http_method, method}.
• Imp.stream/3 without provider_stream: true ends a failed call with %Imp.Streaming.Messages.StreamResponse{chunk: {:error, reason}, done: true}, as a provider stream does; it yielded a bare {:error, reason}.
• An Imp.Telemetry span's [:exception] event carries :kind, :reason and :stacktrace, as :telemetry.span/3 does; it carried :error as text. Imp.Redaction keeps an exception's type while redacting its fields.
• Imp.optimize! raises Imp.Error with the reason Imp.optimize would have returned when optimization fails, and ArgumentError only for a call that could never run (including options the optimizer refused). In 0.4.0 every failure was an ArgumentError carrying text. Imp.Error is now that exception; nothing raised it before.
• Imp.Example and Imp.Prediction keep each key as the atom or string it was given, and look keys up by their text. In 0.4.0 a string key became an atom whenever that atom already existed in the VM, so the same data could come back keyed either way. Data read from JSON now keeps its string keys: a history turn loaded with Imp.History.load!/1, or a demo field a signature does not declare in a saved optimizer artifact.
• A tool receives its arguments as a map with string keys, from every runtime (ReActV2 and its finish_on callbacks, ReAct, Avatar, CodeAct, RLM) and from Imp.Tool.call/2, which turns atom keys into strings at every depth. In 0.4.0 a key became an atom when that atom already existed in the VM, so the same tool could see either shape. Match on strings: fn %{query: q} becomes fn %{"query" => q}. Tool policies and unexecuted_tool_calls see the same string keys. The built-in tools follow: Imp.ACP.Host's fetch tool and Imp.Optimizer.Playbook.EquationSearch.solve_tool/0 read string keys only.

Public surface: what is exported

• Gone, with what to use instead:
  • Imp.MCP.Client, Imp.MCP.HTTPClient, Imp.MCP.StreamableHTTPClient, Imp.MCP.StdioClient, Imp.MCP.Catalog and Imp.MCP.import_tools: Imp.MCP.connect/2, which returns the tools and one cleanup. A tool schema spelled :input_schema is no longer accepted; MCP's "inputSchema" is.
  • Imp.ACP.MCP and Imp.ACP.MCP.Import: Imp.MCP.connect/2, and Imp.ACP.ToolKind.derive_all(import.annotations) for :tool_kinds.
  • Imp.Core.ToolCall and Imp.Core.ToolResult, which nothing built, and Imp.MCP.json_rpc_result and Imp.MCP.initialize_params, which nothing called.
• No longer documented, because they are Imp's own machinery: Imp.Clients.TRLProtocol, Imp.Optimizer.Utils, Imp.Telemetry.execute and span, Imp.Prediction.set_lm_usage, Imp.MCP.Connections.import_tools (use Imp.MCP.connect/2), the transition functions of Imp.Training.FastSlow.State, and the validate_* option validators. compile/N on an optimizer that Imp.optimize/3,4,5 or Imp.train/4 runs is no longer documented either: call those, which take the same datasets and invocation options with one argument order. KNNFewShot, Ensemble, Playbook and InstructionSearch keep compile, because the facade does not run constructors or workflows.
• Now documented: Imp.Deadline, Imp.Observability.Inspection (what Imp.Observability.inspect_artifact/2 returns, with json_safe/1), Imp.Run.barrier/3, Imp.Run.new_event_id/1, Imp.Run.register_cancellable/1 and unregister_cancellable/1, Imp.Tasks.async/1 and async_nolink/1 (tasks that carry the caller's settings, run and telemetry context), and the modules public functions return or call: Imp.Predict.RLM.SandboxSerializable, Imp.Optimize.Anything.Result, Imp.Optimizer.Parameter.Set and Imp.Optimizer.Parameter.Change, and Imp.Optimizer.GEPA.Callback.
• Imp.MCP, Imp.MCP.Connections, Imp.MCP.Import, Imp.MCP.CallFailure, Imp.ACP and Imp.ACP.ToolKind are stable, and so are the LabeledFewShot, BootstrapFewShot, random search, KNNFewShot, COPRO, MIPROv2, GEPA, SIMBA, InferRules and Ensemble optimizers, Imp.Optimizer.Artifact and Imp.Optimizer.Report: stable means they do not break within 0.x without a deprecation. Imp.ExternalCommand and Imp.Tasks are experimental. The documentation lists the MCP and ACP modules in a group of their own instead of under experimental optimizers.
• An ACP agent started without :agent_info introduces itself as imp at Imp's version, not as imp-acp 0.1.0.
• Plug is no longer a dependency of Imp. The demo MCP servers, its only user, are not in the package.

Public surface: facade and behaviours

• Imp.load/2 takes the map Imp.dump/1 returns and gives {:ok, program} or {:error, %ArgumentError{}}; Imp.load!/2 is its raising form. Reading a file Imp.save!/2 wrote is Imp.read!/2, which was Imp.load!/1. Imp.Saving has the same four functions.
• Imp.react/3 builds Imp.Predict.ReActV2, and Imp.react_v2 is gone. Imp.Predict.ReAct, the earlier loop, has no facade name; its port of DSPy's dspy.ReAct is mode: :dspy, which was :dspy_3_2_1. A program saved with "dspy_3_2_1" still loads.
• Imp.Predict.Predict is Imp.Predict. It, Imp.Predict.ChainOfThought and Imp.Predict.ReActV2, which Imp.react/3 builds, are stable.
• Imp.Signature.ParseError, which every signature constructor raises, is documented, with its :input and :position fields.
• Imp.Retrievers.KNN is deleted. It did not implement Imp.Retrieve, and Imp.Retrieve.Memory is the token-overlap retriever.
• The compile function of Imp.Optimizer.BootstrapFewShotWithRandomSearch is hidden, like the other optimizers'; Imp.optimize/4 runs it.
• Imp.Adapter.Types.Document, History, Citation and Type, and Imp.Datasets.Error, are documented. priv/public_api.json now lists every packaged module, the @moduledoc false ones among excluded_modules.
• Imp.LM declares generate(lm, messages, opts), where lm is the struct or the module it was given; request/2 and stream/3 stay optional. An LM is a struct or module implementing it. The %{module: module, opts: opts} map and a bare two-argument function, both deprecated in 0.4.0, are refused: at construction with the :lm option's error, and by Imp.LM.generate/3 as {:error, {:not_an_lm, lm}}. The clients' generate/2 is gone; call a client through Imp.LM.generate/3, as Imp.LM.generate(Imp.Clients.ReqLLM.new(model), messages). Imp.LM.Static.new/1 takes :model, the model a static client stands in for.
• Imp.Retrieve declares retrieve(retriever, query, opts); a module retriever receives itself first, as an LM does. A two-argument function is still a retriever.

Public surface: one name per idea

• MCP names a server descriptor a descriptor and a server's name server_name. Imp.MCP.CallFailure has server_name, tool_name and the descriptor's index where it had server and tool; an unavailable entry has server_name where it had server; tool.metadata.mcp gains index; :authorize's two-argument context is %{cwd:, descriptor:}.
• One allow/deny vocabulary: :allow or {:deny, reason}, as Imp.Run's :authorize and Imp.ACP's :permission_policy already answer. Imp.MCP.connect/2's :authorize returned :ok or true; a refused descriptor is now {:mcp_server_not_authorized, server_name, reason}, with :not_trusted for one outside :trusted_servers. A :tool_policy function returned true, :ok or false; a refused call is now {:tool_denied, name, reason}, where reason names what denied it: :tool_policy for a name or list policy, or the function's own reason. Any other answer refuses with {:invalid_decision, answer}. Imp.ToolPolicy is documented.
• DSPy's names for DSPy's ideas. num_threads is the concurrency option of Imp.Evaluate, Imp.evaluate/4, Imp.Predict.Parallel, Imp.Predict.Search, Imp.Experiment's evaluation options, Imp.Clients.ReqLLMBatch, and the GEPA, MIPROv2, SIMBA, BetterTogether and BootstrapFinetune optimizers, where it was max_concurrency; COPRO, InferRules and random search already said num_threads. COPRO's proposal_max_concurrency is proposal_concurrency, as GEPA's is. Imp.Predict.Refine counts its attempts in n, as Imp.Predict.BestOfN and DSPy's Refine do, where it had max_attempts; a Refine saved with "max_attempts" still loads. Imp.Predict.RLM takes max_iterations only, DSPy RLM's name; max_iters was a second spelling.
• Imp.Optimizer.RandomSearch, Imp.Optimizer.BootstrapRS and Imp.Optimizer.BootstrapFewShotWithRandomSearch were three names for one optimizer; it is Imp.Optimizer.BootstrapFewShotWithRandomSearch, DSPy's class name. Its candidates and demos_per_candidate options, second names for num_candidate_programs and max_bootstrapped_demos, are gone.
• The ReActV2 loop's guidance key finish_tool is submit_tool, the tool it names. The step signature's metadata[:text_step] is metadata[:text_field]: it names the output field a text reply fills.
• A ReActV2 :reasoning event says forced: true where it said forced?, and names its step as step: where it said turn:: a turn is one call of the agent, and a step is one request inside it.
• Imp.MCP.connect/2's :credentials option is :credential_store, the Imp.MCP.OAuth.Store a descriptor's "credential" is looked up in. Imp.MCP.OAuth.Pending has server_url where it had resource_url, the name begin/3 and authorization_header/3 give the same URL. Credentials already on disk load unchanged.
• An Imp.Clients.MLXLMTrainer :runner is called with cwd: where it was called with cd:, the name ACP, MCP and Imp.MCP.connect/2 use.
• Imp.Optimizer.GEPA.Callback hooks take (event, context) only; a bare callback module's context is nil. A bare module's one-argument hooks were called and its two-argument ones were not.
• A ReActV2 agent loaded from a saved program asks the model what the agent it was saved from asked. Loading lost the step predictor's loop guidance, its request shape (response_instruction: false, omit_empty_request: true) and its tool roster's atom keys; they are rebuilt from the signature and tools. A host's own :adapter_opts, such as renderers, are functions and are not saved; pass them again.
• Imp.load/2 given a string says to read a file with Imp.read!/1.
• One load contract: load returns {:ok, value} or {:error, reason}, load! raises, and read! reads a file. The load of Imp.Signature, Imp.History and Imp.Optimizer.Report raised, so each is now load!/1. Imp.Clients.TrainingJob's load is load!/2, and its old load!, which read a checkpoint file, is read!/2. The dataset loaders that read a file are read!: Imp.Datasets.GSM8K.read!/1, Imp.Datasets.HotPotQA.read!/1, Imp.Datasets.MATH.read!/1 and Imp.Datasets.DataLoader.read!/3. The load of Imp.Datasets.Colors, which builds examples from records and raises, is load!/1.

GEPA

• Imp.Optimizer.GEPA is DSPy's GEPA unless told otherwise: with no :execution_profile it runs :gepa_v0_1_4_merge (merge on, perfect minibatches skipped, no evaluation cache, the pinned RNG and budget), or :gepa_v0_1_4 with use_merge: false. The old default is execution_profile: :beam_native, which a run using ComBee, parallel proposals, :feedback_fn, :reflection_strategy, a module selector other than :round_robin, a parent selector other than :pareto, or another option the DSPy profile fixes now has to name; without it, those options raise.
• Under the DSPy profiles, :max_full_evaluations is converted to a metric budget as DSPy converts max_full_evals (times the training plus validation set sizes) instead of being counted beside it, and giving it together with :max_metric_calls raises. :max_reflection_calls raises in new/2 under the default profile, whose reflection limit is derived from the budget.
• GEPA optimizes agents. For Imp.react/3 the reflection model reads the whole run of each example as Context (every thought, tool call and tool result, and the outputs, except when finish_on or the extractor ended the turn) and the loop's tools by name, description and arguments. It used to read only the first step, with an empty history.
• A predictor called several times in a run is reflected on at one call drawn at random with the optimizer's seed, not always its first call.
• Under the DSPy profiles, a metric that returns only a score gives the reflection model "This trajectory got a score of X." with the row's score, as DSPy does, instead of improve or successful.
• An iteration whose chosen component has no reflection records ends without a reflection call.
• A program with an Imp.History input, or any struct among its inputs, no longer crashes the reflection prompt under reflection_record_mode: :beam_native; the history is shown as its turns.
• A predictor with two Imp.History inputs raises when GEPA builds its reflection records, as DSPy's GEPA asserts there is one.

Retrieval

• Imp.Retrieve.Memory (Imp.memory/2) returns only documents that share a word with the query, up to k. It returned k documents whatever they scored, so a document with no word in common came back with score: 0 because it came first in the list.

0.4.0 — 2026-09-17

• Imp.ACP and Imp.MCP.connect/2 are part of Imp. The separate imp_acp package is retired: Imp.ACP.start_link/1 and Imp.ACP.run/1 expose an ordinary Imp program to an ACP host, and Imp.MCP.connect/2 imports authorized MCP servers through ExMCP as ordinary tools with explicit connection cleanup. There is no compatibility shim; a consumer that depended on imp_acp depends on imp alone and changes the module prefix. ExMCP is declared runtime: false, so an OTP release that uses either must list applications: [ex_mcp: :load] in its release definition. Ordinary Imp startup still starts no protocol endpoint.
• A map or list value in a prompt, including a structured tool result, now renders the way DSPy renders a dict: json.dumps(..., ensure_ascii=False) with Python's default separators, complete. It was inspect/1 at its default limit, which cut any structured value past fifty elements to an ellipsis the model could not count and no host bound could measure. A term JSON cannot carry renders as a complete inspect.
• ReActV2 sends the tool roster once, natively, and never renders it as text; it no longer declares a tools input field or writes "You are an Agent..." into signature.instructions. The loop's guidance (finish_tool, input_names, output_names, tool_names) travels to the adapter as data through the new :adapter_opts on Imp.Predict.Predict and Imp.Predict.ReActV2. Each step's request is now the previous step's request plus the newest exchange, which is what a provider's prompt cache is keyed on; before, the first user message changed shape between steps one and two and the roster was re-sent after the history on every call.
• The chat adapter's format options (Imp.Adapter.Chat) gain :system_renderer (a function of the signature and the format options, default the DSPy system message), :guidance (rendered by the default system renderer the way ReAct's instructions used to read), and :omit_empty_request (end the request on the newest history message rather than an empty user message; off by default, so the JSON and XML adapters keep DSPy's shape).
• :reasoning_effort is the one reasoning option on Imp.Clients.ReqLLM, at construction or per call, and :openrouter_reasoning is gone. A call naming reasoning_effort: nil spends no reasoning on that call, which is what ReAct's forced submit asks for; previously that nil, combined with a configured OpenRouter effort, raised and ended the turn without an answer. Which OpenRouter wire field carries the effort is a separate switch, openrouter_reasoning_wire: :top_level | :nested (default top-level, as ReqLLM sends it); it names an encoding, never a value. Saved programs allowlist both in place of openrouter_reasoning.
• Changed the cost a host reads off a model call to a plain number. The :model_response event's metadata.cost is now the provider's reported total in USD as a non-negative float, or nil when the provider reported nothing Imp can read as a number; it was whatever the provider library put there, most recently ReqLLM's private billing breakdown map. When the provider reported a breakdown, the whole map is on the event as metadata.billing, untouched; when it reported none, there is no :billing key. Imp.Core.LMResponse carries the same pair as :cost and the new :billing field, and reads a total given as a number, a string, a Decimal, or a breakdown map. A host summing spend reads the number and no longer has to know a provider library's internal shape.
• Added Imp.MCP.OAuth, a credential store for remote HTTP MCP servers that require a browser-authorized OAuth grant. It begins the flow, listens on 127.0.0.1 for the redirect, stores the grant encrypted as one file per credential under a directory the host names, and refreshes it without the person. A grant is bound to the URL it was authorized for, so a descriptor cannot point another server's credential at itself. A refresh the authorization server answers with invalid_grant is reported as {:mcp_oauth_reauthorization_required, credential} rather than as a retryable failure.
• Added two server descriptor auth forms that Imp.MCP.connect/2 resolves to headers at connect time: %{"type" => "oauth", "credential" => ref}, which reads the store passed as the new :credentials option, and %{"type" => "bearer_env", "variable" => name}, which reads the host's environment and connects with no Authorization header (logging one warning) when the variable is unset, unless "required" => true. Static "headers" are unchanged.
• Added on_failure: :drop to Imp.MCP.connect/2. Under it a server whose transport or initialize fails, which accepts the connection and never answers, or which cannot answer tools/list, is left out with its client closed instead of failing the whole import: the tools of the servers that did connect are returned, and the new unavailable field of Imp.MCP.Import names each dropped server with a short reason and with the index of its descriptor in the list that was passed in. The default on_failure: :refuse keeps the previous all-or-nothing behaviour, except that a transport that refuses the connection is now reported as {:mcp_connection_failed, reason} rather than as the import helper's exit. A descriptor :authorize refused, one whose declared auth cannot produce a header, a malformed one, and anything raised by the caller's own :tool_filter refuse the import under both settings.
• Each MCP dial is now bounded by :timeout on its own rather than sharing one budget with the whole list. A host that accepts the connection and answers nothing returns within neither :handshake_timeout nor :era_probe_timeout, so two of them used to exhaust the shared budget and refuse the import as {:error, :mcp_import_timeout} whatever :on_failure said; now each costs its own timeout and is reported as {:mcp_connection_failed, :timeout}.
• An abandoned dial no longer leaks its client. ExMCP.Client traps exits and ignores the EXIT from the process that started it, so killing the import helper at a timeout left every half-open client alive, holding its socket, for the life of the node.
• A tools/list body that is not a catalog is now reported as {:mcp_tools_list_failed, server, {:invalid_mcp_tools_response, shape}} rather than as a bare {:invalid_mcp_tools_response, shape} that named no server.
• The repository is public. Installing at a tag needs no credentials, and the README, docs, and livebooks no longer describe a private source release.
• Removed the evidence-certification bookkeeping from the source checkout. It never shipped in the package, so a consumer sees no change; the benchmark harness it wrapped is unchanged.
• Added Benchmarks and its results table. Every number this repository publishes is one row in that table, carrying the dataset and its license, the model, the provider, the date, the commit, and the command that produced it; prose elsewhere cites a row rather than restating a number. The benchmarks page says what each command needs from you — key, Python environment, time, rough cost — and separates a row a stranger can re-measure with an API key from one that only recomputes statistics from committed rows, and from the claims that cannot be re-measured at all. Neither page publishes an aggregate or a release score. The tutorial's rows were re-measured live for this release, a month after the first run, and both runs are recorded. They live in the repository, not in the installed package.

0.3.2 — 2026-09-01

• Made the RLM controller prompt describe the restricted language actually accepted by its interpreter, including supported repair paths and explicit unsupported forms.
• Preserved explicit no-retry provider policy across Req function, module, and {module, function, args} adapters.

0.3.1 — 2026-08-23

• Clarified the supported center versus pre-1.0 advanced workflows, the exact meaning of typed inputs and outputs, and the restricted-interpreter security boundary.
• Completed the structured signature field reference and corrected cold-reader prerequisites and cross-references.

0.3.0 — 2026-08-23

Private Git source release. Imp is not published to Hex.

Added

• Typed code fields, richer structured signatures, and consistent Chat, JSON, and XML adapter validation.
• General program parameters and checksummed parameter artifacts for named predictors, tools, playbooks, and custom optimizable components.
• Full MIPROv2 TPE search, expanded GEPA/SIMBA/COPRO behavior, persistent playbook optimization, optimizer checkpoints, and Optimize Anything program artifacts.
• Addressable ReActV2 and RLM runs with ordered events, cancellation, explicit per-effect authorization, and owner-death cleanup.
• MCP stdio process ownership that reaps server process groups when a call or run is cancelled.
• Provider streaming for composed programs, including named-predictor field selection and a typed terminal prediction.
• A complete deployment example with disjoint evaluation, parameter artifacts, fresh-process loading, concurrent serving, hot reload, and failure containment.

Changed

• Imp.optimize/3, /4, and /5 now return {:ok, program} or {:error, reason}. The corresponding optimize! functions raise.
• Adapter types moved from Imp.Adapters.Types to Imp.Adapter.Types.
• Saved programs and parameter artifacts use atomic private writes and require live providers, callbacks, tools, and policies to be rebound from trusted application code.
• ReActV2 uses a validated submit tool, falls back to tools-disabled typed extraction when a provider cannot honor forced tool choice, and grounds that extraction only in successful retained observations.
• Evaluation timeouts, provider failures, metric failures, budget exhaustion, and cancelled work propagate as observable failures instead of silently becoming ordinary scores.
• The private release installs consistently from the immutable v0.3.0 Git tag in the README, Livebooks, and packaged examples.

Fixed

• Cached ReqLLM responses no longer double-count token usage.
• ReAct retains a single tool-call trajectory when context truncation cannot safely remove a complete turn.
• ReActV2 converts malformed provider tool calls into non-executable error observations so a model can recover without bypassing policy or authorization.
• Whole-program and optimizer-report identities survive artifact round trips.
• Composed streaming cancels provider work on early halt or consumer death.
• Batch messages retain their structured conversations after JSON transport.
• Optimizer progress subscribers receive real trial events.

Removed

• Imp.Agent and Imp.Agent.Runtime. Use ReActV2 or RLM as the program and ordinary Elixir supervision as the runtime.
• Imp.Streaming.Messages.StatusMessageProvider, which did not implement an execution-stage status contract. Use stream listeners and :telemetry.

0.2.1 — 2026-07-18

Added

• Configurable teacher and rollout timeouts for BootstrapFewShot, GRPO, and BootstrapFinetune.

Fixed

• Saved Predict programs retain JSON retry and fallback configuration.
• GEPA reflection no longer sends an invalid provider connection option.
• Reasoning-model token-limit normalization is wire-neutral.
• Signature errors suggest array[...] when given DSPy's list[...] spelling.
• Global test configuration and async synchronization no longer leak across tests.

0.2.0 — 2026-07-17

Added

• Imp.stream/3 and Imp.collect/3, with provider streaming and local post-call chunking modes.
• Public optimizer progress subscriptions and evaluation timeout reporting.
• Deterministic LabeledFewShot selection and seeded data splitting.

Fixed

• Batch requests preserve structured messages.
• Optimizer trial telemetry is emitted as documented.
• Timed-out evaluation rows are reported explicitly.

0.1.0 — 2026-07-16

Initial private Git source release of Imp's signature, program, provider, evaluation, optimization, tool, retrieval, persistence, and Livebook APIs.